**8. Conclusion**

Based on historical data and remote sensing technology, research on atmospheric characteristics and environmental effects of UHI has been conducted in the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, providing a theoretical reference that evidenced the increment of UHI in the capital city. Based on analyses of temperature, solar radiation, evapotranspiration, and albedo data, it was found that the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, is the most representative zone where the UHI is present in the last 20 years. The consequences of this effect have increased more rapidly in the last 10 years. In conclusion using high-albedo materials and pavements, having green vegetation and green roofs, implementing urban planning, and preserving pervious pavements, shade trees, and water bodies in city areas are the potential UHI mitigation strategies [19]. When urban planning is mentioned, a flood alert system is included. This paper represents the first time that water level technology has been used for hydrologic analyses, specifically for flash floods which are events caused by

**195**

*Urban Heat Island Effects in Tropical Climate DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91253*

mitigated.

**Acknowledgment**

**Author details**

Luz E. Torres Molina1

\*, Sara Morales2

\*Address all correspondence to: torresl6@uagm.edu

provided the original work is properly cited.

and Luis F. Carrión2

1 Civil Engineering Department, Universidad Ana G Méndez, Gurabo, Puerto Rico

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Engineering Department, Universidad Ana G Méndez, Gurabo, Puerto Rico

UHI. The proposed system sends flood SMS alerts to the inhabitant of such zones for necessary action. The flood monitoring system can be expanded to cover a wider area than the one under study due to the protocol capabilities. In addition, this model can be used in flash floods, parking lots, streets prone to flooding, and other zones with a high probability of flood. Furthermore, UHI effects that develop in the city were also discussed, and through strategies such as the improvement of energy efficiency, urban landscape optimization, green roof construction, high reflectivity material utilization, and green land cultivation, UHI effects could be significantly

The authors would like to thank CIESESE and Universidad Ana G Méndez (UAGM) for giving them the opportunity to participate in the PREC 2019.

*Urban Heat Island Effects in Tropical Climate DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91253*

UHI. The proposed system sends flood SMS alerts to the inhabitant of such zones for necessary action. The flood monitoring system can be expanded to cover a wider area than the one under study due to the protocol capabilities. In addition, this model can be used in flash floods, parking lots, streets prone to flooding, and other zones with a high probability of flood. Furthermore, UHI effects that develop in the city were also discussed, and through strategies such as the improvement of energy efficiency, urban landscape optimization, green roof construction, high reflectivity material utilization, and green land cultivation, UHI effects could be significantly mitigated.
