Preface

Ionizing radiation is the energy released by atoms either in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma rays and X-rays) or in the form of particles (alpha, beta, and neutrons). In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays and one year later in 1896, Henry Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity. Marie Sklodowska Curi chose radioactivity as the subject of her doctoral thesis. She worked with uranium and thorium and cooperated with her husband Pierre in the successful discovery of two new radioactive elements. Consequently, many scientists paved the way for radiation research.

Ionizing radiation research continued extensively to define that new form of energy, to discover the biological effects of radiation, and to find out methodologies for radiation detection and measurements. New applications for ionizing radiation have emerged including cancer treatment and several diagnostic techniques. In industry, many applications involving radioactive isotopes are now used daily.

It seems that there is always a need for collecting new ideas about a certain subject, especially when it is active, growing, and spreading; nowadays, this is the case with radiation research. This book presents several new subjects about and related to ionizing radiation. Nine authors with nine different topics composed this book, which we hope will add value in the long way of ionizing radiation research.

As editors of this book, we are very thankful to the authors and team members who worked with us for their efforts and patience during the preparation of this text. We hope this book will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers, practitioners, and every individual who has concerns for a healthy and better life.

**II**

**Section 3**

Brachytherapy Seed

*Deborah Ruth Tasat and Angela Matilde Ubios*

Aluminoborosilicate Glasses *by Eugenia Malchukova*

*by Pooneh Saidi and Mahdi Sadeghi*

Applications in Ionizing Radiation **99**

**Chapter 7 101**

**Chapter 8 115**

**Chapter 9 133**

*by Adriana Beatriz Martínez, Carola Bettina Bozal, Nadia Soledad Orona,* 

Production of the 103Pd via Cyclotron and Preparation of the

Bisphosphonates as Chelating Agents in Uranium Poisoning

Inf luence of the Doping Ion Nature and Content on Defect Creation Processes under the Effect of Ionizing Radiation in

> **Ahmed M. Maghraby** National Institute of Standards, Egypt

> > **Basim Almayyahi** University of Kufa Email, Iraq

Section 1

Radiation Protection

**1**

Section 1
