Meet the editors

Mojtaba Kahrizi is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. He has authored or co-authored over 200 journal and conference articles. His research spans a wide spectrum under the umbrella of material sciences, solid-state devices, microelectromechanical systems, and nanoscience and nanotechnology. He has been actively involved in investigating the funda-

mental issues related to micro and nano structures and designing and fabricating micro/nano devices with applications in biomedical, sensors, and energy storage. Most recently, he is involved in research to develop low-cost fabrication of semiconductor nanowires, such as silicon, ZnO, and TiO2 with applications to develop greenhouse gas detectors, hydrogen storage, and detection of micro molecules in water.

Parsoua Abedini Sohi received her M.A.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees working in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology at the ECE Department of Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. She is currently pursuing her research activities as a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre de Collaboration MiQro Innovation (C2MI). The fabrication and characterization of novel nanostructured materials, the development of methodologies and process flows

for creating these structures and applying the fabricated structures in miniaturized sensing devices are part of her research interests.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Systems

**Section 3**

a Quantum Dot

*by Anand K. Bhatia*

*by Thamer Tabbakh*

and Chemical Sensing: A Review *by Parsoua A. Sohi and Mojtaba Kahrizi*

Graphene-Based Nanophotonic Devices

**Preface III**

Quantum Devices **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 19**

Photonic Devices **33**

**Chapter 3 35**

**Chapter 4 59**

**Chapter 5 81**

Semiconductor Devices **95**

**Chapter 6 97**

Principles and Applications of Nanoplasmonics in Biological

Toward On-Demand Generation of Entangled Photon Pairs with

Interactions of Positrons and Electrons with Hydrogenic Systems, Excitation, Resonances, and Photoabsorption in Two-Electron

*by Arash Ahmadi, Andreas Fognini and Michael E. Reimer*

Origin and Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells *by Mohd Quasim Khan and Khursheed Ahmad*

Diffusion and Quantum Well Intermixing

*by Ankur Pandya, Vishal Sorathiya and Sunil Lavadiya*

## Contents



Preface

The emerging nanophotonics from optics and nanotechnology deals with interaction of light with matter at the nanometer scale. It is the subject of much research and it covers many disciplines in science and engineering. As it is impossible to focus light at the nanometer scale using conventional optical components, we need other techniques like surface plasmonic, metal optic, and metamaterial to confine light at the sub-wavelength scale. The discovery of new phenomena based on the quantum principle, development of a large number of nanostructures and nano devices, and the vast application of nanophotonics have created numerous opportunities for new research areas both on scientific fundamentals and technological applications. Nanophotonic structures and devices are the promising future technology that can revolutionize, to name a few, the optical communications, energy conversion, nanoscale optical sources, integrated information systems, image processing, and sensing devices in all disciplines particularly in nano-medicine. Studies and research in the area of nanophotonics include the fields of, but not limited, plasmonics phenomena and its application, nano sensing devices, nano waveguides, nano optical sources such as LED and LASER, photonic crystals, and quantum optical devices. This book aims to present a collection of research articles on scientific fundamentals, fabrication, and characterization of devices based on

The book presents 8 chapters divided into 3 sections. The focus of Section 1 is on quantum devices and it contains two chapters. Chapter 1 describes the fundamentals of nanoplasmonics with details of SPR and LSPR followed by their applications. Chapter 2 discusses the physical properties of graphene and its application such as in low-cost touchscreen, nanophonic devices, optoelectronics, photodiodes, and

Section 2 contains Chapters 3, 4, and 5 dealing with photonic devices. Chapter 3 discusses studies on InAsP quantum dots to generate entangled photon generation and light extraction with a very high efficiency. Chapter 4 deals with the physics of interactions between nuclear particles such as positrons and electrons and hydrogenic targets and its applications. It presents the calculation of photodetachment and photoionization of two-electron systems useful to study the opacity of the sun. Chapter 5 describes the development of photovoltaic devices using perovskite materials like bismuth halide solar cells. The structures and their optoelectronic

Section 3 deals with the principle of semiconductor materials and devices. It contains Chapters 6, 7, and 8. Chapter 6 covers the principle and control of diffusion and intermixing of atoms in the semiconductor lattices. It summarizes the reported techniques to use the phenomena to create diffused quantum wells (QWs). Examples of QW semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes (LED) fabricated using inter-diffusion techniques are also given in Chapter 7. The scope of this chapter is to introduce a highly efficient HfO2 atomic layer deposition (ALD) process with superior interface defect characteristics that can be applied on highmobility III-V substrates. The effect of isopropyl alcohol precursor and in situ cyclic

nanophotonics, and on related fields.

optical communication systems.

properties of the devices are reviewed and discussed.
