**1. Introduction**

Semiconductor materials are defined as materials in solid form whose conductivity has a value between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor materials play an important role in the advances in the modern electronics industry in the twentyfirst century and in the industrial applications of many electronic devices. These materials include many materials such as silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium, cadmium sulfide, and cadmium telluride, which are widely used today. From the first silicon integrated circuits produced in semiconductor technology, high-tech microprocessors, solar cells, and many other electronic devices have developed rapidly to the present day [1].

Especially with the development of nanotechnology and polymer science, interest in the research and production of both efficient and lower-cost semiconductor thin film materials is increasing day by day. The use of nano-structured thin films for the efficient use of solar cells in the production of n-type semiconductor

materials is one of the most important sources of energy and new-generation energy. In short, semiconductor devices for nanotechnology and polymer science have taken the advancement of research in semiconductors to a new step, aiming to improve the chemical and physical properties of these materials. To understand the nature of these crucial engineering materials, the difference and theory between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors must be fully understood. In addition, basic concepts such as band theory, doping processes, and p-n connection theory of solids are theoretical bases that will give a general idea of understanding semiconductors.
