Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent Trends

*Ahed Habib and Maan Habib*

## **Abstract**

In recent years, many researchers in the construction industry had taken up the challenge to incorporate non-biodegradable wastes as partial replacement of cement and/or natural aggregates in the daily production of cement-based materials. Various efforts were intended to understand the influence of using marble dust in concrete due to its availability and a relatively high volume of the generation that causes serious environmental problems. Previous studies have utilized marble dust as a replacement of cement, fine aggregate, or total paste in the concrete and mortar mixtures. In general, several investigations have shown that up to a certain cement replacement ratio, marble dust can positively impact on the strength and microstructure properties of concrete. Furthermore, the results have indicated that the considerably high degree of fineness in the marble dust provides sufficient cohesiveness of mortar and concrete even in low w/c ratio conditions. Hence, this powder can be utilized as a filler to improve the flowability of cement-based materials. Consequently, this chapter aims to summarize recent investigations on the properties of concrete incorporating marble waste as cement replacement materials, highlight the potential gaps in the literature, and propose a prediction model for estimating the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete with marble dust using regression analysis.

**Keywords:** sustainable materials, marble dust, cement-based materials, cement replacement, mechanical properties

## **1. Introduction**

Throughout the last few decades, considerable efforts in the scientific community were focused on providing sustainable solutions for minimizing nonbiodegradable wastes by suggesting innovative waste management plans. Recently, the construction industry has started taking an active role in recycling these materials by utilizing them as a partial replacement of the constituents in cementbased productions, aiming to come up with a green alternative for conventional construction materials.

Stone marble industrial activities, including mining, processing, and finishing, have contributed to the development of several major environmental risks [1].

One of these risks is the disposal of marble wastes that are raised during the production of marble slabs. Currently, the availability and the reasonably high volume of a generation of marble dust has attracted several researchers to conduct investigations on the possibility of utilizing this waste material as a partial replacement of cement [2–4], fine aggregates [5, 6], or total paste in concrete, mortar, and asphaltic mixtures [7, 8]. The main benefit of replacing cement by marble dust comes from the reduction in the cost of the mixture, and CO2 emission related to the production of cement [9].

Previous studies have illustrated that incorporating this material in concrete affects its fresh, mechanical, durability, and porosity properties [10–12]. Its main impact on the strength carrying capacity of concrete is generally considered such that when replacing a low percentage of the cement with marble dust, the strength is improved. However, at high replacement ratios, beyond 10% to 15%, the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete reduce. Another importance of this material, in addition to its sustainable benefits, comes from the high degree of fineness that allows utilizing it as filler in cement-based mixtures.

Therefore, this chapter is intended to offer a brief review of the utilization and mechanical properties of cement-based materials incorporating marble dust with emphasis on concrete mixtures with marble wastes cement replacement. Another aim of the study is to propose estimation models using multiple regression analysis for the compressive and flexural strengths of marble dust concrete and highlight some observations on the influence of marble dust content and properties on the change in the concrete strength capacity.

## **2. Engineering properties marble dust**

Marble is defined scientifically as a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), while commercially as any limestone or dolomite processed and taking a polish, **Figure 1** [13]. During cutting and polishing these stones in the marble factories, a product composed of the marble dust mixed with water referred to in the literature as marble waste slurry is generated. Usually, marble dust is obtained by chemically processing the marble waste slurry to separate the wastewater from the marble dust.

The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of marble dust is exhibited in **Figure 2**, which shows calcite (CaCO3) as the main mineral component of this material. Also, **Figure 3** presents an example of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of marble dust particles.

As reported previously, the specific gravity of this material varies over a wide range between 2.39 and 3.16 due to the difference in the structural and chemical properties of the marble stones [15]. Similarly, the chemical compositions of marble dust various based on the type of stone used. Some examples of the chemical compositions from Gesoğlu et al. [16], Vardhan et al. [17], and Ashish [18] studies

[16] 52.45 1.29 0.78 0.39 0.54 - 0.11 - [17] 40.73 6.01 0.8 0.6 15.21 0.06 0.05 0.09 [18] 41.83 8.38 0.65 0.67 10.36 0.60 0.07 0.33

**CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 MgO Na2O K2O SO3**

The cutting one-meter cube of marble block into slabs of 2 cm thickness each, 25% of the total amount will turn into fine particles [19]. Previous studies, Gesoğlu et al. [16], Singh et al. [20], and Li et al. [21] presented the particle size distribution of marble wastes as demonstrated in **Figure 4**, in which it depends mainly on the

method of cutting the marbles and the size of the produced layer.

*XRD pattern of marble dust waste as discussed in Julphunthong & Joyklad [14] study.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

*SEM image of marble dust as given by Julphunthong & Joyklad [14].*

*Chemical compositions of marble dust as reported in the literature.*

**Author/s Chemical analysis (wt. %)**

**3. Types of marble waste utilizations and potential applications**

Over the last few years, marble dust has been introduced to various kinds of cement-based materials as a partial replacement of cement [2, 5], fine aggregate [22],

can be seen in **Table 1**.

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

**Table 1.**

**169**

**Figure 1.** *Typical types of polished marbles.*

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

#### **Figure 2.**

One of these risks is the disposal of marble wastes that are raised during the production of marble slabs. Currently, the availability and the reasonably high volume of a generation of marble dust has attracted several researchers to conduct investigations on the possibility of utilizing this waste material as a partial replacement of cement [2–4], fine aggregates [5, 6], or total paste in concrete, mortar, and asphaltic mixtures [7, 8]. The main benefit of replacing cement by marble dust comes from the reduction in the cost of the mixture, and CO2 emission related to

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

Previous studies have illustrated that incorporating this material in concrete affects its fresh, mechanical, durability, and porosity properties [10–12]. Its main impact on the strength carrying capacity of concrete is generally considered such that when replacing a low percentage of the cement with marble dust, the strength is improved. However, at high replacement ratios, beyond 10% to 15%, the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete reduce. Another importance of this material, in addition to its sustainable benefits, comes from the high degree of

Therefore, this chapter is intended to offer a brief review of the utilization and mechanical properties of cement-based materials incorporating marble dust with emphasis on concrete mixtures with marble wastes cement replacement. Another aim of the study is to propose estimation models using multiple regression analysis for the compressive and flexural strengths of marble dust concrete and highlight some observations on the influence of marble dust content and properties on the

fineness that allows utilizing it as filler in cement-based mixtures.

Marble is defined scientifically as a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), while commercially as any limestone or dolomite processed and taking a polish, **Figure 1** [13]. During cutting and polishing these stones in the marble factories, a product composed of the marble dust mixed with water referred to in the literature as marble waste slurry is generated. Usually, marble dust is obtained by chemically processing the marble

The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of marble dust is exhibited in **Figure 2**, which shows calcite (CaCO3) as the main mineral component of this material. Also, **Figure 3** presents an example of a scanning electron microscope

waste slurry to separate the wastewater from the marble dust.

the production of cement [9].

change in the concrete strength capacity.

**2. Engineering properties marble dust**

(SEM) micrographs of marble dust particles.

**Figure 1.**

**168**

*Typical types of polished marbles.*

*XRD pattern of marble dust waste as discussed in Julphunthong & Joyklad [14] study.*

#### **Figure 3.**

*SEM image of marble dust as given by Julphunthong & Joyklad [14].*


#### **Table 1.**

*Chemical compositions of marble dust as reported in the literature.*

As reported previously, the specific gravity of this material varies over a wide range between 2.39 and 3.16 due to the difference in the structural and chemical properties of the marble stones [15]. Similarly, the chemical compositions of marble dust various based on the type of stone used. Some examples of the chemical compositions from Gesoğlu et al. [16], Vardhan et al. [17], and Ashish [18] studies can be seen in **Table 1**.

The cutting one-meter cube of marble block into slabs of 2 cm thickness each, 25% of the total amount will turn into fine particles [19]. Previous studies, Gesoğlu et al. [16], Singh et al. [20], and Li et al. [21] presented the particle size distribution of marble wastes as demonstrated in **Figure 4**, in which it depends mainly on the method of cutting the marbles and the size of the produced layer.

## **3. Types of marble waste utilizations and potential applications**

Over the last few years, marble dust has been introduced to various kinds of cement-based materials as a partial replacement of cement [2, 5], fine aggregate [22],

• It can be used in the production of hollow blocks and wall tiles in addition to

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

• It can be utilized as a substitute of limestone in various construction materials

In this section, the mechanical properties of a concrete mixture incorporating marble waste as partial replacement of cement will be introduced. Previous studies

Furthermore, Rana et al. [32] reported a slight reduction in the flexural capacity

of concrete when marble wastes replaced up to 10% of the cement. In contrast, higher replacement ratios caused a considerable fall in flexural strength. The modulus of elasticity of concrete with marble powder as substitution of cement was investigated by Soliman [33]. In general, they concluded that up to a 5% ratio, the modulus of elasticity is positively impacted, and beyond this value, the parameter starts to drop slightly. Nevertheless, Usysal & Yilmaz [25] clarified that an increase in the modulus of elasticity when up to 20% of the cement was changed by marble powder in a self-compacting concrete mixture, but a slight decline is observed at 30% replacement ratio. Kumar and Kumar [2] measured an increase in the splitting tensile and flexural strengths by 9.21% and 7.5%, respectively, at 15% cement substitution, while the compressive strength was reduced by 9.06%. On the other hand, using a 20% replacement ratio caused a lowering in the compressive and tensile strengths as compared to the control specimens. This reduction in the strength properties of concrete incorporating high content of marble wastes, beyond 10% in most cases, as a substitution of cement, can be attributed to the

*An example of some mechanical properties of concrete utilizing marble waste as cement replacement*

**4. Mechanical properties of concrete utilizing marble waste**

showed, **Figure 5**, that the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures are influenced when marble waste is incorporated. Ergün [3] observed that replacing 5% of the cement content by marble powder results in increasing the compressive strength of concrete by almost 12%. Also, he reported that at the same replacement ratio, a 5% increase in the flexural strength of concrete was achieved. In contrast, higher marble dust content indicated a negative effect on the flexural capacity. Moreover, Munir et al. [31] measured a slight increase in the compressive strength of concrete when 10% of its cement was replaced by marble powder. Vardhan et al. [17] reported that utilizing marble powder as a partial substitution of up to 10% of the cement content in concrete does not have a significant negative influence on the compressive strength. A similar observation was mentioned by Rana et al. [32].

other clay-based products.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

and industrial applications.

decrease in the cement content [3].

*(a) compressive strength, (b) splitting tensile strength.*

**Figure 5.**

**171**

**Figure 4.** *Particle size distribution of marble wastes used in the literature.*


**Table 2.**

*A brief summary of the utilization of marble wastes in the literature.*

or total paste [21]. The essential types of mixtures in which marble dust has been utilized can be epitomized as concrete, mortar, cement composites. A summary of the types of marble wastes utilization in cement-based materials can be seen in **Table 2**.

Previously Singh et al. [30] have discussed some of the potential applications of marble wastes in the construction industry. Some of these applications are presented as follows:


*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*


## **4. Mechanical properties of concrete utilizing marble waste**

In this section, the mechanical properties of a concrete mixture incorporating marble waste as partial replacement of cement will be introduced. Previous studies showed, **Figure 5**, that the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures are influenced when marble waste is incorporated. Ergün [3] observed that replacing 5% of the cement content by marble powder results in increasing the compressive strength of concrete by almost 12%. Also, he reported that at the same replacement ratio, a 5% increase in the flexural strength of concrete was achieved. In contrast, higher marble dust content indicated a negative effect on the flexural capacity. Moreover, Munir et al. [31] measured a slight increase in the compressive strength of concrete when 10% of its cement was replaced by marble powder. Vardhan et al. [17] reported that utilizing marble powder as a partial substitution of up to 10% of the cement content in concrete does not have a significant negative influence on the compressive strength. A similar observation was mentioned by Rana et al. [32].

Furthermore, Rana et al. [32] reported a slight reduction in the flexural capacity of concrete when marble wastes replaced up to 10% of the cement. In contrast, higher replacement ratios caused a considerable fall in flexural strength. The modulus of elasticity of concrete with marble powder as substitution of cement was investigated by Soliman [33]. In general, they concluded that up to a 5% ratio, the modulus of elasticity is positively impacted, and beyond this value, the parameter starts to drop slightly. Nevertheless, Usysal & Yilmaz [25] clarified that an increase in the modulus of elasticity when up to 20% of the cement was changed by marble powder in a self-compacting concrete mixture, but a slight decline is observed at 30% replacement ratio. Kumar and Kumar [2] measured an increase in the splitting tensile and flexural strengths by 9.21% and 7.5%, respectively, at 15% cement substitution, while the compressive strength was reduced by 9.06%. On the other hand, using a 20% replacement ratio caused a lowering in the compressive and tensile strengths as compared to the control specimens. This reduction in the strength properties of concrete incorporating high content of marble wastes, beyond 10% in most cases, as a substitution of cement, can be attributed to the decrease in the cement content [3].

#### **Figure 5.**

*An example of some mechanical properties of concrete utilizing marble waste as cement replacement (a) compressive strength, (b) splitting tensile strength.*

or total paste [21]. The essential types of mixtures in which marble dust has been utilized can be epitomized as concrete, mortar, cement composites. A summary of the types of marble wastes utilization in cement-based materials can be seen in

**Author/s Mixture type Type of replacement** [2–4] Concrete Cement

[1] Concrete Cement and fine aggregate

[23–25] Self-compacting concrete Cement [26] High-performance concrete Cement [5] Concrete paving blocks Fine aggregate [27] Concrete Fine aggregate [28] Mortar Cement [6] Mortar Fine aggregate [21] Mortar Total paste [29] Cement composites Cement

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

marble wastes in the construction industry. Some of these applications are

Previously Singh et al. [30] have discussed some of the potential applications of

• It can be used as a filler for roads and embankment materials where water

• It can be implemented in the manufacturing process of bricks due to the

• It can be utilized as a partial replacement of cement in concrete due to is the capability of being used as a filler to improve the concrete's properties.

**Table 2**.

**170**

**Table 2.**

**Figure 4.**

*Particle size distribution of marble wastes used in the literature.*

presented as follows:

bound macadam can be laid.

existence of very fine particles in marble slurry.

*A brief summary of the utilization of marble wastes in the literature.*

## **5. Prediction of concrete compressive strength**

In this section, a prediction model for the compressive strength of concrete incorporating marble wastes as partial replacement of cement will be addressed. **Author/s Marble waste properties Compressive strength**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

Ergün [3] 15 51.7 2.68 35.4 39.4 -10.15 Ergün [3] 22.5 51.7 2.68 35.4 39.9 -11.28 Ergün [3] 30 51.7 2.68 35.4 31.1 13.83 Gesoğlu et al. [16] 26 52.45 2.71 58.57 55.94 4.70 Gesoğlu et al. [16] 52 52.45 2.71 58.57 54.34 7.78 Gesoğlu et al. [16] 104 52.45 2.71 58.57 52.75 11.03 Rana et al. [32] 20.25 65.2 2.87 43 42.4 1.42 Rana et al. [32] 40.5 65.2 2.87 43 41.1 4.62 Rana et al. [32] 60.75 65.2 2.87 43 38.8 10.82 Rana et al. [32] 81 65.2 2.87 43 36.44 18.00 Rana et al. [32] 101.25 65.2 2.87 43 35.4 21.47 Sardinha et al. [34] 15.4 54.2 2.73 39.2 37.3 5.09 Sardinha et al. [34] 30.7 54.2 2.73 39.2 34.3 14.29 Sardinha et al. [34] 61.4 54.2 2.73 39.2 28 40.00 Sardinha et al. [34] 15.4 54.2 2.73 52.1 46.2 12.77 Sardinha et al. [34] 30.7 54.2 2.73 52.1 44.4 17.34 Sardinha et al. [34] 61.4 54.2 2.73 52.1 35.8 45.53 Sardinha et al. [34] 15.4 54.2 2.73 53.6 53.5 0.19 Sardinha et al. [34] 30.7 54.2 2.73 53.6 47.95 11.78 Sardinha et al. [34] 61.4 54.2 2.73 53.6 37.4 43.32 Singh et al. [20] 42.2 26.63 2.67 38.54 39.88 -3.36 Singh et al. [20] 63.3 26.63 2.67 38.54 41.35 -6.80 Singh et al. [20] 84.4 26.63 2.67 38.54 35.09 9.83 Singh et al. [20] 105.5 26.63 2.67 38.54 33.12 16.36 Singh et al. [20] 39.4 26.63 2.67 31.37 32.44 -3.30 Singh et al. [20] 59.1 26.63 2.67 31.37 33.65 -6.78 Singh et al. [20] 78.8 26.63 2.67 31.37 27.01 16.14 Singh et al. [20] 98.5 26.63 2.67 31.37 25.74 21.87 Singh et al. [20] 35.1 26.63 2.67 23.54 24.65 -4.50 Singh et al. [20] 52.65 26.63 2.67 23.54 23.08 1.99 Singh et al. [20] 70.2 26.63 2.67 23.54 20.42 15.28 Singh et al. [20] 87.75 26.63 2.67 23.54 20.03 17.52 Aliabdo [1] 20 83.22 2.5 39.93 37.3 7.05 Aliabdo [1] 30 83.22 2.5 39.93 38.4 3.98 Aliabdo [1] 40 83.22 2.5 39.93 38.8 2.91 Aliabdo [1] 60 83.22 2.5 39.93 34.6 15.40 Aliabdo [1] 20 83.22 2.5 48.73 51.76 -5.85 Aliabdo [1] 30 83.22 2.5 48.73 52.64 -7.43 Aliabdo [1] 40 83.22 2.5 48.73 53.12 -8.26

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

**Content (kg) CaO (%) Specific Gravity fcc (MPa) fcm (MPa) Δfc (%)**

## **5.1 Collected data**

The collected dataset for generating the prediction models in this study are displayed in **Tables 3** and **4**. First of all, the papers that discussed the utilization of marble dust were collected. Thereafter, those studies that investigated the compressive and flexural strength of concrete utilizing marble waste as cement replacement were shortlisted, and their data were obtained using GetData graph digitizer software [36].

Several parameters are going to be used in developing the estimation model for marble dust compressive strength (fcm) and its flexural strength (ftm). These parameters are the control compressive strength (fcc) or flexural strength (ftc), marble dust content ð Þ *MDC* , its CaO content ð Þ *MDCaO* , and its specific gravity ð Þ *MDSG* . The last three inputs are basically used to take the effect of marble waste properties on concrete behavior. Because this material does not have a standardized characteristic in which its properties depend on the type of rocks being processed in the factories.

### **5.2 Multiple linear regression**

As mentioned previously, the multiple linear regression method will be used for building the mathematical expression of the estimation model. In general, it is a statistical way to establish a linear relationship between a dependent variable and two or more independent predictors [37]. The mathematical model that describes this method of estimation was discussed by Achen [38], as written in (Eq. (1)).

$$
\mu\_i = \beta\_0 + \beta\_1 \mathbf{x}\_{1i} + \dots + \beta\_k \mathbf{x}\_{ki} + \varepsilon\_i \tag{1}
$$

where *yi* is the *i th* observation on the dependent variable; *x*1*<sup>i</sup>*, … , *xki* are the *i th* observations on the independent variables; *β*<sup>0</sup> is an intercept term; *β*1, … , *β<sup>k</sup>* are the coefficients to be estimated; and *ε<sup>i</sup>* is a random error component of the *i th* observation, also known as the residual.

After creating a prediction model, it is essential to test its goodness-of-fit. On this matter, the coefficient of determination (Eq. (2)) was adopted in this study in which values closer to one represents a good fitting model.

$$R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum \left(\mathbf{y}\_i - \hat{\mathbf{y}}\_i\right)^2}{\sum \left(\mathbf{y}\_i - \overline{\mathbf{y}}\right)^2} \tag{2}$$

where *yi* is the actual value, ^*yi* is the predicted one, and *y* is the mean of the actual values.

Thereafter, the adequacy of the prediction model is evaluated by conducting a residual analysis through first plotting the residuals, (Eq. (3)), against one of the independent variables and then scaling these values using the standardized residuals method (Eq. (4)) to obtain potential outliers.

$$\mathbf{e}\_i = (\mathbf{y}\_i - \hat{\mathbf{y}}\_i) \tag{3}$$

**173**


*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

**5. Prediction of concrete compressive strength**

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

**5.1 Collected data**

software [36].

the factories.

**5.2 Multiple linear regression**

where *yi* is the *i*

values.

**172**

tion, also known as the residual.

In this section, a prediction model for the compressive strength of concrete incorporating marble wastes as partial replacement of cement will be addressed.

The collected dataset for generating the prediction models in this study are displayed in **Tables 3** and **4**. First of all, the papers that discussed the utilization of marble dust were collected. Thereafter, those studies that investigated the compressive and flexural strength of concrete utilizing marble waste as cement replacement were shortlisted, and their data were obtained using GetData graph digitizer

Several parameters are going to be used in developing the estimation model for

As mentioned previously, the multiple linear regression method will be used for building the mathematical expression of the estimation model. In general, it is a statistical way to establish a linear relationship between a dependent variable and two or more independent predictors [37]. The mathematical model that describes this method of estimation was discussed by Achen [38], as written in (Eq. (1)).

observations on the independent variables; *β*<sup>0</sup> is an intercept term; *β*1, … , *β<sup>k</sup>* are the

After creating a prediction model, it is essential to test its goodness-of-fit. On this matter, the coefficient of determination (Eq. (2)) was adopted in this study in

> <sup>P</sup> *yi* � ^*yi* � �<sup>2</sup>

where *yi* is the actual value, ^*yi* is the predicted one, and *y* is the mean of the actual

Thereafter, the adequacy of the prediction model is evaluated by conducting a residual analysis through first plotting the residuals, (Eq. (3)), against one of the independent variables and then scaling these values using the standardized

*ei* ¼ *yi* � ^*yi*

coefficients to be estimated; and *ε<sup>i</sup>* is a random error component of the *i*

*<sup>R</sup>*<sup>2</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup> �

which values closer to one represents a good fitting model.

residuals method (Eq. (4)) to obtain potential outliers.

*yi* ¼ *β*<sup>0</sup> þ *β*1*x*1*<sup>i</sup>* þ … þ *βkxki* þ *ε<sup>i</sup>* (1)

<sup>P</sup> *yi* � *<sup>y</sup>* � �<sup>2</sup> (2)

� � (3)

*th*

*th* observa-

*th* observation on the dependent variable; *x*1*<sup>i</sup>*, … , *xki* are the *i*

marble dust compressive strength (fcm) and its flexural strength (ftm). These parameters are the control compressive strength (fcc) or flexural strength (ftc), marble dust content ð Þ *MDC* , its CaO content ð Þ *MDCaO* , and its specific gravity ð Þ *MDSG* . The last three inputs are basically used to take the effect of marble waste properties on concrete behavior. Because this material does not have a standardized characteristic in which its properties depend on the type of rocks being processed in


#### **Table 3.**

*Collected data for the compressive strength estimation model.*

Generally, a good fit is observed when the residuals of the estimation model are scattered randomly along the independent variable axis by representing positive and negative values. Furthermore, a potential outlier is identified when a value in standardized residuals exceeds approximately 3 [39, 40].

$$d\_i = \frac{e\_i}{\sqrt{\mathcal{MS}\_E}}\tag{4}$$

**Author/s Marble waste properties Flexural strength**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

**Table 4.**

**Table 5.**

**175**

*Collected data for the flexural strength estimation model.*

Error 44 767.15 17.44

Total 48 7605.31

*Analysis of variance for the compressive strength model.*

Ergün [3] 15 51.7 2.68 5.3 5.3 0.00 Ergün [3] 22.5 51.7 2.68 5.3 5.1 3.92 Ergün [3] 30 51.7 2.68 5.3 5 6.00 Rana et al. [32] 20.25 65.2 2.87 6.55 6.3 3.97 Rana et al. [32] 40.5 65.2 2.87 6.55 6.25 4.80 Rana et al. [32] 60.75 65.2 2.87 6.55 5.44 20.40 Rana et al. [32] 81 65.2 2.87 6.55 5.14 27.43 Rana et al. [32] 101.25 65.2 2.87 6.55 5 31.00 Singh et al. [20] 42.2 26.63 2.67 7.8 8.17 -4.53 Singh et al. [20] 63.3 26.63 2.67 7.8 8.15 -4.29 Singh et al. [20] 84.4 26.63 2.67 7.8 7.32 6.56 Singh et al. [20] 105.5 26.63 2.67 7.8 7.1 9.86 Singh et al. [20] 39.4 26.63 2.67 6.83 7 -2.43 Singh et al. [20] 59.1 26.63 2.67 6.83 7.02 -2.71 Singh et al. [20] 78.8 26.63 2.67 6.83 6.16 10.88 Singh et al. [20] 98.5 26.63 2.67 6.83 6.08 12.34 Singh et al. [20] 35.1 26.63 2.67 5.7 5.803 -1.77 Singh et al. [20] 52.65 26.63 2.67 5.7 5.905 -3.47 Singh et al. [20] 70.2 26.63 2.67 5.7 5.408 5.40 Singh et al. [20] 87.75 26.63 2.67 5.7 5.12 11.33 Kumar & Kumar [2] 22.28 55.09 2.63 5.33 5.43 -1.84 Kumar & Kumar [2] 44.56 55.09 2.63 5.33 5.63 -5.33 Kumar & Kumar [2] 66.84 55.09 2.63 5.33 5.73 -6.98 Kumar & Kumar [2] 89.12 55.09 2.63 5.33 4.7 13.40

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

**Analysis of variance Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value** Regression 4 6838.16 1709.54 98.05 0 Marble dust content 1 86.85 86.85 4.98 0.031 CaO 1 22.52 22.52 1.29 0.262 Specific gravity of marble dust 1 149.57 149.57 8.58 0.005 Control compressive strength 1 5249.81 5249.81 301.11 0

**Content (kg) CaO (%) Specific Gravity ftc (MPa) ftm (MPa) Δft (%)**

where *MSE* is the mean squared error.

#### **5.3 Compressive strength regression model**

In this section, a prediction model for the compressive strength of concrete incorporating marble dust as a cement replacement will be discussed. In general, to overcome the dependency of the prediction model on the size of the testing specimen, the compressive strength of the control mixture will be used as an input to the model in which the output will represent the compressive strength of marble dust concrete specimen that has the same size as the inputted one. The analysis of variance of the predicted model is collected in **Table 5**, and the estimation model is depicted in (Eq. (6)) with an R2 value of 0.9 representing a reasonably good fitting indicator. As recorded in **Table 5**, the p-value of the input parameters was below 5% for the cases of Marble dust content and its specific gravity and the control compressive strength. In comparison, the CaO content had a higher value. Although this observation does not give a very solid conclusion to what is the most influencing parameter on the compressive strength, it can supply a rough idea that marble specific gravity has a higher effect on the compressive strength than the marble content and its CaO. A similar conclusion is derived using the simple linear regression approach, **Figure 6**, between these factors and the change in the compressive strength (Eq. (5)), where higher R2 values refer to the better correlation and consequently the more considerable effect.

$$
\Delta f\_c = \frac{f\_{cc} - f\_{cm}}{f\_{cc}} \times 100\tag{5}
$$

$$f\_{cm} = 51.6 + 1.0123f\_{cc} - 0.0468 \text{MD}\_c - 0.0473 \text{MD}\_{CaO} - 18.6 \text{MD}\_{SG} \tag{6}$$


*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

#### **Table 4.**

Generally, a good fit is observed when the residuals of the estimation model are scattered randomly along the independent variable axis by representing positive and negative values. Furthermore, a potential outlier is identified when a value in

**Author/s Marble waste properties Compressive strength**

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

Aliabdo [1] 60 83.22 2.5 48.73 48.44 0.60 Bostanci [35] 25 43.5 2.86 46 41.33 11.30 Bostanci [35] 50 43.5 2.86 46 38.44 19.67 Uysal & Yilmaz [25] 55 55.49 2.71 75.9 76.2 -0.39 Uysal & Yilmaz [25] 110 55.49 2.71 75.9 77.5 -2.06 Uysal & Yilmaz [25] 165 55.49 2.71 75.9 70.8 7.20 Kumar & Kumar [2] 22.28 55.09 2.63 33.18 34.67 -4.30 Kumar & Kumar [2] 44.56 55.09 2.63 33.18 35.85 -7.45 Kumar & Kumar [2] 66.84 55.09 2.63 33.18 30.22 9.79 Kumar & Kumar [2] 89.12 55.09 2.63 33.18 29.19 13.67

**Content (kg) CaO (%) Specific Gravity fcc (MPa) fcm (MPa) Δfc (%)**

*di* <sup>¼</sup> *ei* ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi *MSE*

In this section, a prediction model for the compressive strength of concrete incorporating marble dust as a cement replacement will be discussed. In general, to overcome the dependency of the prediction model on the size of the testing specimen, the compressive strength of the control mixture will be used as an input to the model in which the output will represent the compressive strength of marble dust concrete specimen that has the same size as the inputted one. The analysis of variance of the predicted model is collected in **Table 5**, and the estimation model is depicted in (Eq. (6)) with an R2 value of 0.9 representing a reasonably good fitting indicator. As recorded in **Table 5**, the p-value of the input parameters was below 5% for the cases of Marble dust content and its specific gravity and the control compressive strength. In comparison, the CaO content had a higher value. Although this observation does not give a very solid conclusion to what is the most influencing parameter on the compressive strength, it can supply a rough idea that marble specific gravity has a higher effect on the compressive strength than the marble content and its CaO. A similar conclusion is derived using the simple linear regression approach, **Figure 6**, between these factors and the change in the compressive strength (Eq. (5)), where higher R2 values refer to the better correlation and

> *<sup>Δ</sup>fc* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>f</sup> cc* � *fcm fcc*

*fcm* ¼ 51*:*6 þ 1*:*0123 *fcc* � 0*:*0468*MDc* � 0*:*0473*MDCaO* � 18*:*6*MDSG* (6)

p (4)

� 100 (5)

standardized residuals exceeds approximately 3 [39, 40].

where *MSE* is the mean squared error.

*Collected data for the compressive strength estimation model.*

**Table 3.**

**174**

**5.3 Compressive strength regression model**

consequently the more considerable effect.

*Collected data for the flexural strength estimation model.*


#### **Table 5.**

*Analysis of variance for the compressive strength model.*

values follow the basic requirements of being randomly scattered along the dependent variable axis, which is the marble dust content, in this case, meaning that the

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

The standardized residuals were obtained to determine the outliers, **Figure 9**, which their values more than three. Hence, it can be noticed that almost no outliers has occurred in this study, which indicates a good fitting capability. Another check on the prediction model is shown in **Figure 10**, in which the distribution on the predicted values is compared to this of the experimental one. Indeed, the histograms are slightly changed in the case of estimation; however, the general distribu-

Finally, it can be observed that the proposed prediction model delivers a useful capability for estimating the compressive strength of concrete mixtures utilizing

The analysis of variance of the predicted model is summarized in **Table 6**, and the prediction model is stated in Eq. (8) with an R2 value of 0.93 representing a

proposed model is appropriate for the given dataset.

*Residuals obtained from the compressive strength prediction model.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

tion is conserved after prediction.

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 9.**

**177**

marble dust as a replacement of cement.

**5.4 Flexural strength regression model**

*Standardized residuals of the proposed compressive strength prediction model.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Influence of marble dust properties on the change in the compressive strength (a) marble dust conten, (b) CaO in the marble dust, (c) specific gravity of the marble dust.*

The performance of the interpolation model is represented in **Figure 7**. It is seen that the regression line between the measured and predicted values is mainly lying over the equality line, and the points are distributed all over it, which represents a good fitting model. The residuals of this predictor are seen in **Figure 8**, and these

**Figure 7.** *Performance of the proposed compressive strength prediction model.*

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

**Figure 8.** *Residuals obtained from the compressive strength prediction model.*

values follow the basic requirements of being randomly scattered along the dependent variable axis, which is the marble dust content, in this case, meaning that the proposed model is appropriate for the given dataset.

The standardized residuals were obtained to determine the outliers, **Figure 9**, which their values more than three. Hence, it can be noticed that almost no outliers has occurred in this study, which indicates a good fitting capability. Another check on the prediction model is shown in **Figure 10**, in which the distribution on the predicted values is compared to this of the experimental one. Indeed, the histograms are slightly changed in the case of estimation; however, the general distribution is conserved after prediction.

Finally, it can be observed that the proposed prediction model delivers a useful capability for estimating the compressive strength of concrete mixtures utilizing marble dust as a replacement of cement.

### **5.4 Flexural strength regression model**

The analysis of variance of the predicted model is summarized in **Table 6**, and the prediction model is stated in Eq. (8) with an R2 value of 0.93 representing a

**Figure 9.** *Standardized residuals of the proposed compressive strength prediction model.*

The performance of the interpolation model is represented in **Figure 7**. It is seen that the regression line between the measured and predicted values is mainly lying over the equality line, and the points are distributed all over it, which represents a good fitting model. The residuals of this predictor are seen in **Figure 8**, and these

*Influence of marble dust properties on the change in the compressive strength (a) marble dust conten, (b) CaO*

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 7.**

**176**

*in the marble dust, (c) specific gravity of the marble dust.*

*Performance of the proposed compressive strength prediction model.*

**Figure 10.**

*Histogram and normal distribution for the compressive strength (a) experimental dataset, and (b) predicted values.*


#### **Table 6.**

*Analysis of variance for the flexural strength model.*

reasonable good fitting indicator. In similar to the compressive strength, the specific gravity of the marble dust has the most influence on the flexural strength as compared to the CaO and effect. Also, the same conclusion can be acquired using the simple linear regression approach, **Figure 11**, between these factors and the change in the flexural strength (Eq. (7)).

$$
\Delta f\_t = \frac{f\_{tc} - f\_{tm}}{f\_w} \times 100\tag{7}
$$

distribution of the predicted values as compared to the experimental one can be found in **Figure 15**. A slight variation can be seen, although the behavior is generally conserved in both cases, reflecting a suitable fitting capability for the dataset.

*Influence of marble dust properties on the change in the flexural strength (a) marble dust conten, (b) CaO in*

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

**Figure 11.**

**Figure 12.**

**179**

*the marble dust, (c) specific gravity of the marble dust.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

*Performance of the proposed flexural strength prediction model.*

$$f\_{tm} = 10.29 + 1.1452f\_{tc} - 0.0137 \text{MD}\_c - 0.0013 \text{MD}\_{CaO} - 3.93 \text{MD}\_{SG} \tag{8}$$

The performance of the estimation model is described in **Figure 12**. It can be seen that good fitting is obtained for the given dataset with a reasonably high R<sup>2</sup> value in comparison to the compressive strength. The residuals of this model are placed in **Figure 13**. It can be discovered that these values are randomly scattered along the marble dust content axis, which represents that the proposed model fits the given dataset.

The standardized residuals approach was used to investigate the occurrence of potential outliers, as indicated in **Figure 14**. In general, it can be observed that no points have exceeded 3, which means no outliers have existed. In addition, the

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

**Figure 11.**

reasonable good fitting indicator. In similar to the compressive strength, the specific gravity of the marble dust has the most influence on the flexural strength as compared to the CaO and effect. Also, the same conclusion can be acquired using the simple linear regression approach, **Figure 11**, between these factors and the change

Error 19 1.60 0.08

Total 23 22.26

*Analysis of variance for the flexural strength model.*

*Histogram and normal distribution for the compressive strength (a) experimental dataset, and (b) predicted*

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

**Analysis of variance Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value** Regression 4 20.66 5.16 61.27 0 Marble dust content 1 2.77 2.77 32.86 0 CaO 1 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.837 Specific gravity of marble dust 1 1.00 1.00 11.85 0.003 Control compressive strength 1 11.62 11.62 137.85 0

> *<sup>Δ</sup>ft* <sup>¼</sup> *ftc* � *ftm ftc*

*ftm* ¼ 10*:*29 þ 1*:*1452 *ftc* � 0*:*0137*MDc* � 0*:*00133*MDCaO* � 3*:*93*MDSG* (8)

The performance of the estimation model is described in **Figure 12**. It can be seen that good fitting is obtained for the given dataset with a reasonably high R<sup>2</sup> value in comparison to the compressive strength. The residuals of this model are placed in **Figure 13**. It can be discovered that these values are randomly scattered along the marble dust content axis, which represents that the proposed model fits

The standardized residuals approach was used to investigate the occurrence of potential outliers, as indicated in **Figure 14**. In general, it can be observed that no points have exceeded 3, which means no outliers have existed. In addition, the

� 100 (7)

in the flexural strength (Eq. (7)).

the given dataset.

**178**

**Figure 10.**

*values.*

**Table 6.**

*Influence of marble dust properties on the change in the flexural strength (a) marble dust conten, (b) CaO in the marble dust, (c) specific gravity of the marble dust.*

**Figure 12.** *Performance of the proposed flexural strength prediction model.*

distribution of the predicted values as compared to the experimental one can be found in **Figure 15**. A slight variation can be seen, although the behavior is generally conserved in both cases, reflecting a suitable fitting capability for the dataset.

**6. Future trends**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

**7. Conclusion**

Many efforts were focused on the influence of marble dust on the properties of several types of cement-based materials. However, it was observed that the literature is still in need of some comprehensives studies that can help the scientific community to understand the influence of using marble dust as a filler in sustainable concrete mixtures that incorporate recycled aggregates such as plastic or rubber. Such a mixture might provide a promising sustainable solution for ultimate waste management plans in developing countries where such materials are highly available. Another research gap is mainly related to the dynamic properties of mixtures incorporating marble dust, as such studies are minimal. Moreover, it is essential to display some numerical studies that can propose prediction models

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

This chapter has focused on briefly reviewing the utilization and mechanical properties of cement-based materials incorporating marble dust with emphasis on concrete mixtures with marble wastes cement replacement. In addition, it aimed to propose two estimation models using multiple regression analysis for the compressive and flexural strengths of marble dust concrete. On the base of the statements

• It is quite challenging to narrow down the ranges of marble dust properties and to standardize them due to the massive variate in the origin of the rocks being

• Marble dust can be used as a filler material in concrete to improve the

• Up to a certain replacement ratio, generally considered as 10% in several studies, the incorporation of marble waste can positively influence the

• The specific gravity of marble dust can be considered as one of the main characteristics that affect the strength properties of the investigated concrete

• The proposed estimation models can reliably be used to predict the

• Several potential applications of marble dust in the construction industry have already been considered in the literature, including its utilization as a filler in cement-based materials, a partial replacement of concrete constituents, and a

compressive and flexural strengths of concrete utilizing marble dust as a partial

Further research efforts are still needed in this field to cover some of the gaps in

the literature on the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating this material to develop the understanding of both scientists and engineers working in the construction industry. It is also recommended to comprehensively study the influence of marble dust chemical properties on the performance of the produced

based on the marble dust content in the concrete mixture.

above, the following points are drawn:

microstructure of the mix.

mixtures.

**181**

replacement of cement.

processed while obtaining this material.

compressive strength capacity of the mixture.

substitute of limestone in various industrial applications.

**Figure 13***. Residuals obtained from the flexural strength prediction model.*

**Figure 14***. Standardized residuals of the proposed flexural strength prediction model.*

**Figure 15***. Histogram and normal distribution for the flexural strength (a) experimental dataset, and (b) predicted values.*

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

## **6. Future trends**

Many efforts were focused on the influence of marble dust on the properties of several types of cement-based materials. However, it was observed that the literature is still in need of some comprehensives studies that can help the scientific community to understand the influence of using marble dust as a filler in sustainable concrete mixtures that incorporate recycled aggregates such as plastic or rubber. Such a mixture might provide a promising sustainable solution for ultimate waste management plans in developing countries where such materials are highly available. Another research gap is mainly related to the dynamic properties of mixtures incorporating marble dust, as such studies are minimal. Moreover, it is essential to display some numerical studies that can propose prediction models based on the marble dust content in the concrete mixture.

## **7. Conclusion**

**Figure 13***.*

**Figure 14***.*

**Figure 15***.*

**180**

*Residuals obtained from the flexural strength prediction model.*

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

*Standardized residuals of the proposed flexural strength prediction model.*

*Histogram and normal distribution for the flexural strength (a) experimental dataset, and (b) predicted values.*

This chapter has focused on briefly reviewing the utilization and mechanical properties of cement-based materials incorporating marble dust with emphasis on concrete mixtures with marble wastes cement replacement. In addition, it aimed to propose two estimation models using multiple regression analysis for the compressive and flexural strengths of marble dust concrete. On the base of the statements above, the following points are drawn:


Further research efforts are still needed in this field to cover some of the gaps in the literature on the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating this material to develop the understanding of both scientists and engineers working in the construction industry. It is also recommended to comprehensively study the influence of marble dust chemical properties on the performance of the produced

cement-based material can to come up with detailed mathematical relationships similar to the ones presented in this study due to the inconsistency in the experimental results due to the wide variety in the natural waste properties.

**References**

[1] A. A. Aliabdo, M. Abd Elmoaty and E. M. Auda, "Re-use of waste marble dust in the production of cement and concrete," Construction and building materials, vol. 50, pp. 28-41, 2014

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

[9] H. Y. Aruntaş, M. Gürü, M. Dayı and I. Tekin, "Utilization of waste marble

production," Materials & Design, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 4039-4042, 2010

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[11] H. Ş. Arel, "Recyclability of waste marble in concrete production," Journal

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*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent…*

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## **Author details**

Ahed Habib<sup>1</sup> \* and Maan Habib<sup>2</sup>

1 Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey

2 Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan

\*Address all correspondence to: ahed.habib@cc.emu.edu.tr

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93915*

## **References**

cement-based material can to come up with detailed mathematical relationships similar to the ones presented in this study due to the inconsistency in the experimental results due to the wide variety in the natural waste properties.

*Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application*

**Author details**

\* and Maan Habib<sup>2</sup>

2 Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: ahed.habib@cc.emu.edu.tr

1 Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Ahed Habib<sup>1</sup>

Turkey

**182**

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[3] A. Ergün, "Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete," Construction and building materials, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 806-812, 2011

[4] R. Rodrigues, J. De Brito and M. Sardinha, "Mechanical properties of structural concrete containing very fine aggregates from marble cutting sludge," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 77, pp. 349-356, 2015

[5] O. Gencel, C. Ozel, F. Koksal, E. Erdogmus, G. Martínez-Barrera and W. Brostow, "Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble," Journal of cleaner production, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 62-70, 2012

[6] V. Corinaldesi, G. Moriconi and T. R. Naik, "Characterization of marble powder for its use in mortar and concrete," Construction and building materials, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 113-117, 2010

[7] E. T. Tunc, "Recycling of marble waste: A review based on strength of concrete containing marble waste," Journal of environmental management, vol. 231, pp. 86-97, 2019

[8] M. Galetakis and A. Soultana, "A review on the utilisation of quarry and ornamental stone industry fine byproducts in the construction sector," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 102, pp. 769-781, 2016

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[10] B. Demirel, "The effect of the using waste marble dust as fine sand on the mechanical properties of the concrete," International journal of physical sciences, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1372-1380, 2010

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**187**

**Chapter 11**

**Abstract**

*and Sabavath Shankar*

detailed and scientific manner.

performance of pavements

**1. Introduction**

Applications of Cement in

Recycled materials primarily Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) are produced from pavement rehabilitation and construction-demolition activities. Generally, these materials are utilized for landfills, parking lots, shoulders, and other places that are not environmentally friendly. The top layers of the pavement and concrete structures are constructed using superior qualities of aggregates that satisfy the specification. During their service life, the aggregates present in these structures undergo deterioration due to environmental and traffic factors. After reaching the end of their service life, the deteriorated structures are dismantled and considered as waste. Nevertheless, these recycled materials will have some retain value which can be used in different layers of the pavements in different percentages. The reuse of these materials in place of conventional aggregates preserves the environment and become a sustainable construction practice. Further, the direct utilization of these materials in the pavements may not satisfy the mechanical characteristics. To fulfill these gaps, cement stabilization of recycled materials is the best option. With this background, the proposed book chapter will highlight the usage of cement in pavement application, and a few types of research works carried in cement treated pavement layers will be discussed in a

**Keywords:** cement concrete pavement, granular layers, cement treated bases and

Recycled materials primarily Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) are produced from pavement rehabilitation and construction-demolition activities. Generally, these materials are utilized for landfills, parking lots, shoulders, and other places that are not environmentally friendly. The top layers of the pavement and concrete structures are constructed using superior qualities of aggregates that satisfy the specification. During their service life, the aggregates present in these structures undergo deterioration due to environmental and traffic factors. After reaching the end of their service life, the deteriorated structures are dismantled and considered as waste. However, these recycled materials have some retain value which can be used in different layers of the pavements in different percentages. The reuse of these materials in place of conventional aggregates preserves the environment and become a sustainable construction practice. However, the direct utilization of these materials in the pavements may not achieve

Pavement Engineering

*Sarella Chakravarthi, Galipelli Raj Kumar* 

## **Chapter 11**
