Preface

Extensive studies have been reported to improve various unpleasant characteristics of cement-based composites, aiming at efficient utilization of these novel materials, especially in the case of solidification/stabilization of hazardous waste. This book shows how cement, one of the key materials for sustainable economic and environmental development in different global regions, can be purposefully modified and implemented. It shows that smart and sustainable methods are needed to make such innovative processes economical while at the same time maximizing environmental and human health benefits.

The authors have summarized their experience and present advances in relevant fields related to assessing the strategies of sustainable applications of the cement industry.

The book contains twelve chapters, organized in four sections that cover important research aspects of the cement industry related to its optimization, characterization, and sustainable application. The first section includes the introductory chapter prepared by the editor to present a brief background on the cement industry.

Section 2 "Characterizations of New Cement Compositions" includes the following five chapters: "Compressive Strength of Concrete with Nano Cement" by Jemimah Carmichael Milton and Prince Arulraj Gnanaraj;

"The Resistance of New Kind of High-Strength Cement after 5 Years Exposure to Sulfate Solution" by Michal Bačuvčík, Pavel Martauz, Ivan Janotka and Branislav Cvopa

"Impact of Nanosilica in Ordinary Portland Cement over Its Durability and Properties" by Gude Reddy Babu et al.

"Simulation and Optimization of an Integrated Process Flow Sheet for Cement Production" by Oluwafemi M. Fadayini et al.

"Peculiarities of Portland Cement Clinker Synthesis in the Presence of a Significant Amount of SO3 in a Raw Mix" by Oleg Sheshukov and Michael Mikheenkov.

Section 3 "Comparative Parameters of Cement Production" includes the following three chapters: "Energy and Economic Comparison of Different Fuels in Cement Production" by Oluwafemi M. Fadayini et al.

"Accelerated Carbonation Curing as a Means of Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions" by Hilal El-Hassan

**II**

**Section 3**

Production

Emissions

**Section 4**

Terephthalate

*and Salah E. Zoorob*

*by Hilal El-Hassan*

*and Jaime A. Perez-Taborda*

Advances and Recent Trends *by Ahed Habib and Maan Habib*

*and Nkechi A. Kingsley*

Comparative Parameters of Cement Production **103**

**Chapter 7 105**

**Chapter 8 117**

**Chapter 9 143**

Sustainable Applications of Cement **165**

**Chapter 10 167**

**Chapter 11 187**

**Chapter 12 201**

Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete:

*by Sarella Chakravarthi, Galipelli Raj Kumar and Sabavath Shankar*

Cementitious Grouts Containing Irradiated Waste Polyethylene

*by Muhammad Imran Khan, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Madzlan Bin Napiah* 

Accelerated Carbonation Curing as a Means of Reducing Carbon Dioxide

Cement-Based Piezoelectricity Application: A Theoretical Approach

*by Daniel A. Triana-Camacho, Jorge H. Quintero-Orozco* 

Applications of Cement in Pavement Engineering

Energy and Economic Comparison of Different Fuels in Cement

*by Oluwafemi M. Fadayini, Clement Madu, Taiwo T. Oshin, Adekunle A. Obisanya, Gloria O. Ajiboye, Tajudeen O. Ipaye,* 

*Taiwo O. Rabiu, Joseph T. Akintola, Shola J. Ajayi* 

"Cement-Based Piezoelectricity Application: A Theoretical Approach" by Daniel A. Triana-Camacho, Jorge H. Quintero-Orozco and Jaime A. Perez-Taborda.

Section 4 "Sustainable Applications of Cement" includes the following three chapters:

"Sustainable Recycling of Marble Dust as Cement Replacement in Concrete: Advances and Recent Trends" by Ahed Habib and Maan Habib.

"Applications of Cement in Pavement Engineering" by Sarella Chakravarthi, Galipelli Raj Kumar and Sabavath Shankar

"Cementitious Grouts Containing Irradiated Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate" by Muhammad Imran Khan, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Madzlan Bin Napiah and Salah E. Zoorob

The editor wishes to thank all the participants in this book for their valuable contributions and Ms. Sara Debeuc, Author Service Manager at IntechOpen, for her continuous assistance in finalizing this work.

> **Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh** Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt

> > **1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

Industry

**1. Introduction**

*and Hosam M. Saleh*

Introductory Chapter: Cement

*Abeer M. El-Sayed, Abeer A. Faheim, Aida A. Salman* 

Cement is a capital-intensive, energy-consuming and critical sector for the construction of nation-wide infrastructure. The international cement industry, while constituting a limited share of the world's output has been rising at an increasing pace compared to the local demand in recent years. Attempts to protect the environment in developing countries, particularly Europe have forced cement manufacturing plants to migrate to countries with less strict environmental regulations. Along with consistently rising real prices, this has provided a trend

It is worth noting that cement is known to be one of the most important construction materials in the world. It is primarily used in the manufacture of concrete. Concrete is a combination of inert mineral aggregates such as sand, gravel, crushed stones and cement. Consumption and production of cement are directly connected to the building sector and thus to the general economic activity. Cement is one of the most developed goods in the world, due to its importance as a building material and the geographical availability of the main raw materials, i.e. limestone, cement is manufactured in almost all countries. The widespread development is also due to the comparatively low price and high density of cement, which, due to the relatively high costs, decreases ground transport. Export trade (excluding border-based

Cement-based materials, such as concrete and mortars, are used in very significant amounts. For example, concrete production amounted to more than 10 billion tonnes in 2009. Cement plays an important role in terms of economic and social importance as it is necessary to develop and enhance infrastructure. This sector, on the other hand, is also a strong polluter. Cement processing emits 5–6% of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activity, accounting for around 4% of global warming. It may emit vast quantities of chronic chemical contaminants, such as dioxins and heavy metals and particulate matter. Energy use is also important. Cement production accounts for about 0.6% of all electricity generated in the United States. In the other hand, the chemistry driving the manufacture of cement and its applica-

Cement manufacturing is an extremely energy-intensive method of processing. The energy consumption is measured at around 2% of global primary energy consumption, or approximately 5% of total manufacturing energy consumption [2], regarding to the prevalent use of carbon-intensive fuels, e.g. coal, in the manufacture of clinkers. In addition to energy consumption, the clinker process also releases CO2 as a result of the calcination process. Ecofys Energy and Climate and Berkeley National Laboratory therefore carried out an appraisal for the IEA Greenhouse

for economic performance and environmental enforcement [1].

plants) is typically limited relative to global production.

tions can be very beneficial in solving these environmental concerns.

## **Chapter 1**
