**7. Conclusions**

The literature is rich in articles and reviews that investigate the applications of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in detections of various contaminants such as heavy metals, drugs, and pharmaceuticals, as well as pesticides. The advantages that impedance spectroscopy introduces as an electrochemical technique are innumerable. High sensitivity, specificity, selectivity, no time or effort consumption, and being label-free are the major advantages reported in the majority of the surveyed literature. As the mentioned contaminants usually exist as traces in complicated matrices, impedance spectroscopy with the mentioned advantages was usually the electrochemical technique of choice for the detection of these contaminants in water, food, and drug matrices.

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**Author details**

Marwa El-Azazy

Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

*Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in Food, Water, and Drug Analyses: Recent…*

Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: marwasaid@qu.edu.qa

provided the original work is properly cited.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92333*
