**19. Nonfouling surfaces**

*Advanced Functional Materials*

[92]

**150**

**S/No.**

**Drug delivery** 

**Biomaterial**

**API**

**Significance of the study**

**Reference**

**systems**

**VII**

**TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS**

Electrospun

Polylactic acid and

Collagen and silver

The electrospun fibers were nontoxic to the cells and provided favorable

substrates for the neonatal epidermal keratinocytes cells to undergo cell

attachment and proliferation, hence its potential for use in chronic wound

In vitro skin permeation for 10 h showed that the enhancement ratios of the flux

[93]

of diclofenac was higher compared to the marketed formulations. The study

highlighted the advantage of the experimental transdermal hydrogel over the

hydrogel with microsized drug particles

management

sulfadiazine

collagen

fibers

Hydrogel

**Table 1.**

*Drug delivery systems showing the significance of the biomaterials utilized in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients at their biological target site.*

Polyvinyl alcohol and

Diclofenac diethylamine

carbopol

Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) having nonfouling surfaces demonstrates protein and cell resistance capabilities. PEG have been attached to materials in such a manner to render them nonfouling through processes like covalent immobilization, adsorption, or interpenetration. PEG has been covalently attached to mussel adhesive protein to form a nonfouling and a sticky segment copolymer [94] with gold and titanium surfaces attached to the sticky segment, while the PEG chains occur at the new interface. It should be noted that the nonfouling ability/attribute of PEG is dependent on the surface chain density that is prone to oxidants damaged. However, the use of plasma deposition of tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme) on PEG will reduce protein surface adsorption [95]. Other materials with nonfouling surfaces include phospholipid surfaces [96] and saccharide surfaces [97], and these biomaterials ensure increased compatibility issues between the drug carrier systems and biological systems to which they are introduced to elicit a pharmacological activity.
