Meet the editors

Dr. Fahmina Zafar is a senior researcher working at the Department of Chemistry, JMI, New Delhi, India, under the Women Scientists Scheme for Research in Basic/Applied Sciences, DST, India. Dr. Zafar received her PhD (2006) and MSc (1999) degree in Chemistry from JMI. She has worked as a postdoctoral fellow under UGC Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship, and as a Scientist Pool, Research Associate, and Senior Research Fellow

(CSIR) at the same department. She has more than 70 publications in peer-reviewed journals and books, and has presented more than 40 research papers in national and international conferences. Her research work involves the development of bio-based polymers, metallopolymers, organic-inorganic hybrids, coordination polymers, and nanocomposites for green environment in different fields including adsorption, antimicrobial, and corrosion-protective applications.

Dr. Anujit Ghosal is currently working as a young researcher at the School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. He received his PhD degree (Chemistry) in 2015 and his M.Sc. degree (Materials Chemistry) in 2009 from Jamia Millia Islamia (J.M.I.), New Delhi, India, as well as his BSc degree with honours in Chemistry from Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India in 2007. He has worked as a National

Postdoctoral Fellow under a SERB fellowship in the School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India and served as an Assistant Professor for one year in Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India. He has published in various international reputed refereed journals and participated in many national/international workshops. His research expertise involves polymer chemistry, hydrogels, magnetic nanomaterials, dye adsorption, drug delivery, and electrochemical corrosion.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Preface XI**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Effect of Variable Parameters **9**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 31**

Advanced Protection Mechanism: Simulations **45**

**Chapter 4 47**

**Chapter 5 71**

Introductory Chapter: Fire Prevention Strategies

Numerical Study on the Outdoor Wind Effects on Movement

Shifting Wildfire Trends and Management Implications for the

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Development of the

Methodology for Optimal Fire Evacuations in Underground

*by Brady Manescau, Khaled Chetehouna, Quentin Serra,* 

Wildland Urban Interface in the Twenty-first Century

*by Ivan Antonov, Rositsa Velichkova, Svetlin Antonov* 

*by Anujit Ghosal and Fahmina Zafar*

Smoke along a Corridor

*Aijuan Wang and Eric Florentin*

*by Rebecca Abney and Qin Ma*

Fires in Confined Spaces

*and Kamen Grozdanov*

Mines Based on Simulated Scenarios *by Vancho Adjiski and Zoran Despodov*

## Contents



Preface

An important saying is "precaution is better than cure". The awareness of past and present adverse situations caused by fire outbreaks that have and are affecting living organisms directly or indirectly is mandatory for developing future preventive measures.

Fire is considered to be a natural calamity, but in recent years it is most likely caused by human error. Awareness and improvement in prevention protocols is of prime importance for sustainability. Human development and other unplanned activities have further increased fire tragedies. The increased population and economic burden have also led to the construction of more confined and populated buildings, small utility spaces as well as narrow exit routes. Literature surveys and case studies are symbolic proof of the destructive ability of man-made or natural fire eruptions worldwide.

Advanced fire or smoke sensors, use of particular construction material, evacuation

plans for a sudden fire, installation of fire protection measures, and study of previous fire incidents are the keys to establishing awareness among professional and everyday people. In this regard, computation modelling and simulations have helped the analysts to prepare future housing projects or study previous fatal events in great depth. Under fixed parameters, recent technological advancements have made it possible to analyze and rectify the past or probable future fatal events

This book comprises seven chapters discussing few important aspects helpful in establishing safety against accidental fires and promoting awareness against them. The book discusses the improved construction strategies and ventilation designed to prevent accidents during emergency fires. Evacuation strategies and effects of external parameters (outdoor wind) on smoke are discussed using specific case modelling. Specific past events caused by fire have also been studied using numerical modelling to understand the disastrous scenario and improve the precautionary methods.

This book will be helpful to students, researchers, and other related professionals

The efforts of all the authors, contributors, and technical staff of IntechOpen, with special thanks to Ms. Dajana Pemac, Author Service Manager, have greatly helped

> **Fahmina Zafar** Jamia Millia Islamia,

> > **Anujit Ghosal**

Beijing Institute of Technology,

India

China

working in the field of fire prevention or management sections.

caused by unwanted fire eruptions.

in finalizing the book compilation.

*Rachid Nait-Said and Fatiha Zidani*
