**14. Conclusions**

*Emerging Contaminants*

to our food.

large scale production is not a compromise. This alone is one of the most profitable businesses in the pharmaceutical industry with a high cost of sacrifice from nature to our food. The bioaccumulation and accumulation of antibiotics in all our activities is already a risk rather than a fact. We did not do the review of antibiotics in food, but several authors who have reviewed other practices independent of human health have realized that there will be no health if the whole environment is contaminated to our food. We did not do the review of antibiotics in food, but several authors who have reviewed other practices independent of human health have realized that there will be no health if the whole environment is contaminated

A prime candidate as a bioaccumulator of antibiotics and other contaminants is milk and is perhaps one of the best-monitored foods in the world. In a pioneer study in the north of Italy Chiesa et al. [93] developed the detection by LC-HRMS veterinary antibiotics in milk. The researcher detected Lincomycin 30 samples (17,29 ppm the mean) from 254 raw milk samples and oxytetracycline in three samples and two samples with cefapirin and spiramycin. Part per million is the of an antibiotic is a negligible amount when absorbed by humans, however, the remaining concern

**Practice and management of antibiotics, milk, and lactic acid bacteria.** *The practice of antibiotics (penicillin molecule example on diagram) treatment of mastitis in cattle has generated problems for the milk elaboration and consumer. Antibiotics were found in the milk in enough concentrations to inhibit dairy starter microorganisms and cause economic losses to the cheese and fermented milk industries from the sixties years [94]. Today this practice is monitored in many farms and countries, however, is not extensively applied in every country or farm, therefore, dairy industries are obliged and encouraged by national health and food institutions to monitoring antibiotics levels in milk. Other interesting studies with lactic acid bacteria [95], show that bacteria had developed important levels of antibiotic resistance. Confinement of cattle and water treatment will prevent new emergent antibiotic-resistant bacteria in soil and water and that will be the first step to lower the level of pharmaceutical antibiotics in nature. Programs for monitoring antibiotic-resistant wild bacteria* 

**180**

*must rise in each country in the next years.*

**Figure 3.**

Perhaps we never imagined that after successful treatment with antibiotics that allowed us to leave the hospital, our true and lasting health was associated with them. The hospital's water will end up watering our food, which will end up on our plates as we have already seen to the satiety. The institutes and ministries of health, agriculture, and the environment, now have the same role and associated with the ministries of economy, education. If we do not realize the damage caused, will continue to save publications to demonstrate that there is no risk with antibiotics, and hospitals and farms will never change their irrational practices of consuming antibiotics as food.

Antibiotics monitoring will be a challenge in the future, and elimination will be a sustainable economic future. We cannot advise: "stopping the use of antibiotics for human or animal disease treatment", never, we do not have a better option. But we are sure that the rational application of good practices goes on to help the rapid elimination or accumulation of antibiotics in every environment as soil or sea. Biodegradation and bioremediation are an excellent opportunity. Firstly, antibiotics are metabolized rapidly by millions of microorganism, while as long as the antibiotic load in nature is reasonable, in other words, an antibiotic load low or close to the natural concentration; secondly the chemical, microbiological and mechanical techniques to eliminate antibiotics in nature will contribute to decontaminate the environments and to lower their indiscriminate use.

Several authors are assuring the risk if we do not stop [96, 97]. New alternatives and innovations will be promising new research since demonstrating a low risk of bioaccumulation will not eliminate practices that have led to the filling of soil and water in the rivers and sea with antibiotics. Many of us believe that detection techniques and new practices will change the future, such as those suggested by Behera et al. [98]. Decreasing antibiotic use will be the only way to decontaminate soil and water and reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

#### **Acknowledgements**

We thank the University of Antioquia for their financial support to the project CODI 2017-15753.

*Emerging Contaminants*
