**2. Classification of emerging pollutants**

Emerging pollutants are classified and categorized as follows [15–17]:


The personal care products and pharmaceuticals as ECs contain active substances in illicit, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs for human and animal consumption. Active ingredients are also found in disinfectants, biocides, preservatives and personal hygiene and beautification products [18]. PPCPs are classified (**Table 1**) base on the consumer product and their uses [19].


**5**

hydrate)

*Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant*

ATII (traseolide) Boisvelone/Iso-E super

AHDI (phantolide) Boisvelone/Iso-E super

2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone Dihydromethyljasmonate

ADBI (celestolide) Drometrizole

Galaxolide Methylsalicylate *g*-Methylionone Musk ambrette Hexamethyldisiloxane (HM or HMDS) Musk ketone Hexylcinnamaldehyde Musk xylene

Isobutyl paraben Octocrylene Methylparaben Oxybenzone

Methyl-iso-propylcyclohexenone Propyl paraben *p*-*t*-Bucinal (Lilial) Tonalide

*N*,*N*-Diethyltoluamide D-Limonene

2,6-Di-*tert*-butylphenol Triethylcitrate

1-Hydroxy ibuprofen Cyclophosphamide

17-alpha-Estradiol Danofloxacin 17-alpha-Ethinylestradiol Dantrolene 17-beta-Estradiol Dapsone

2-Hydroxy ibuprofen Desmethylnaproxen (metabolite of naproxene)

Daunorubicin

Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylated hydroxytoluene 2-Ethylthioacetic acid ethylester Dipropyltrisulfide 2-Methylthioacetic acid ethylester Ethylene brassylate 3-Methylthiopropionic acid Habanolide

Category III: Personal care products/food additive compounds

Methyldihydrojasmonate (methyl 3-oxo-2-

Category II: Personal care products/biocides

**Category I: Pharmaceuticals compounds**

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane (chloral

pentylcyclopentaneacetate)

compounds

Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) Cineole hydrazone (Eusolex) Damascone

Bayrepel Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane

Benzophenone Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)

alpha-Terpineol Decamethyltetrasiloxane (MD2M)

4-Methylbenzylidene camphor Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane(D6)

Acetylcedrene Dodecamethylpentasiloxane(MD3M)

Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate Drometrizole trisiloxane (INCI)

Homosalate Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) Isobornylacetate Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM)

Carvone

Triclosan

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*

**Category I: Personal care products compound**

4-Oxoisophorone

**Table 1.**

*Classification of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [16].*

#### *Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*


*Emerging Contaminants*

**2. Classification of emerging pollutants**

biocides, food additives).

[pesticides])

1.Pharmaceuticals (illicit and prescribed drugs).

flame retardant, antimicrobial substances)

(**Table 1**) base on the consumer product and their uses [19].

**Personal care products Pharmaceuticals**

*Classification of pharmaceuticals and personal care products [16].*

Fragrances, cosmetics, repellents, food supplements and their metabolites, and transformation products personal hygiene products, sunscreen agents, domestic insect,

treatment plants (WTP) [9]. Furthermore, unregulated chemicals such as nitrosamines (NAs), dioxane, nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (cosmetics, disinfectant, antiseptic, deodorant stick, soap, fragrances, insect repellent, sunscreen, surfactants and toothpaste) as well as perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) are EPs [8, 10, 11]. For instance, N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) an emerging contaminant produced as byproducts of chloramines in drinking water treatment plants [12]. Nanomaterials (NMs) are substances produced with a dimension in nanoscale range from 1 to 100 nanometer as to improve the chemical strength and reactivity [10]. However, some NMs introduced contaminants when used for water treatment. Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) PBDEs are brominated hydrocarbons used as flame retardants in the production of furniture, plastics, upholstery, electrical equipment, electronic devices and many other household products [10]. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) fluorinated organic compounds with many industrial applications; such as surfactants in fluoropolymers and as grease, soil and water resistant in fluorinated polymer [13, 14].

Emerging pollutants are classified and categorized as follows [15–17]:

2.Personal care products (cosmetic, surfactants, disinfectants, domestic

methanes, haloacetonitriles, trihalomethanes, halo acetic acids).

5.Algal toxins (toxic released from some algae: Cyanotoxins, microcystin)

6.Biocides and their metabolites (plants and agricultural preventive agents

7.Bioterrorism and disruption devices (Biological and Chemical weapons).

The personal care products and pharmaceuticals as ECs contain active substances in illicit, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs for human and animal consumption. Active ingredients are also found in disinfectants, biocides, preservatives and personal hygiene and beautification products [18]. PPCPs are classified

> Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, antiseptics, hormones, illicit analgesics, antibiotics, lipid regulators, steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, non-steroid stimulant drugs, antimicrobials, beta blockers,

3.Industrial chemicals (food additives, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl,

4.Disinfection by products (from water treatment plant: Nitrosamine, halonitro-

**4**

**Table 1.**


**7**

*Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant*

Clofibric acid (metabolite of clofibrate) Hydrocodone Clarithromycin Hydrochlorothiazide Citalopram Chlortetracycline Clotrimazole Chlorobutanol Clenbuterol Chloramphenicol Crotamiton Ibuprofen Cloxacillin Cholesterol Codeine Ifosfamide

Iopamidol Penicillin G Iminostilbene Penicillin V Indomethacin Pentoxifylline Iohexol Pentobarbital Iomeprol Paroxetine Imapramine Phenazone Iopromide Phenylbutazone Ivermectin Phenobarbital Josamycin Phenytoin Kanamycin sulfate Pindolol Lansoprazole Prednisolone Lamotrigine Pravastatin Ketoprofen Pipamperon Levetiracetam Primidone Lidocaine Propranolol Lincomycin Salbutamol Lorazepam Ranitidine Loratadine Roxithromycin Lithium carbonate Propyphenazone Lovastatin Sarafloxacin Marbofloxacin Sotalol

Meprobamate Secobarbital sodium

Meclofenamic acid Sertraline Medazepam Streptomycin Metformin Secobarbital Mebeverine Spectinomycin Mestranol Spiramycin Mefenamic acid Simvastatin Minocycline Sulfamerazine Methylphenobarbital Sulfadimethoxin Metoprolol Sulfadoxin Mevastatin Sulfadiazine

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*

**Category II: Pharmaceutical Compounds**

#### *Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*


*Emerging Contaminants*

Acebutolol Diethylstilbestrol Acecarbromal Difloxacin Aceclofenac Diphenhydramine Acemetacin Domperidone Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Doxepine Acetazolamide Doxorubicin

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Doxycycline (anhydrous) Acyclovir Doxycycline (monohydrate)

Betamethasone Fenofibric acid (metabolite of fenofibrate)

Carazolol Fenoprofen calcium salt dihydrate

Cefoperazone Glibenclamide (glyburide)

Beta-sitosterol Fenfluramine Betaxolol Fenofibrate Baclofen Famotidine Bisoprolol Fenoprofen Bromazepam Flumequine Butalbital Fenoterol Carbamazepine Flucloxacillin

Caffeine Fluorouracil Cefacetrile Fluoxetine Cefapirin Fluvoxamine Cefalonium Furosemide Cefalexin Gemfibrozil Cefazoline Gentamicin

Ciprofloxacin Hexobarbital

Albuterol Dexamethasone Allobarbital Diatrizoate Alclofenac Diazepam Albuterol sulfate Diclofenac Alprazolam Dicloxacillin Amitriptyline Enoxacin Ampicillin Epirubicin Amoxicillin Enrofloxacin Amobarbital Escitalopram Anthracene-1,4-dione Erythromycin Apramycin Esomeprazole Aprobarbital Estriol Atenolol Estrone Azithromycin Estrone sulfate Bezafibrate Ethosuximide Baquiloprim Etofibrate

**6**


#### **Table 2.**

*Identified pharmaceuticals and personal care products (NORMAN [16, 20]).*

More than 1036 EC and secondary metabolites as well as biotransformation products are identified on NORMAN List in **Table 2** (NORMAN [20]). The most common classes/categories of ECs include; industrial chemicals, disinfection byproducts, pesticides, sweeteners endocrine disrupting compounds, nanoparticles, sunscreens, UV filters, pharmaceuticals and personal care products among others [21–23].

#### **3. Potential routes emerging pollutants**

Series of anthropogenic activities such as agricultural, domestic and industrial activities leads to the discharged of the pollutants into our environments (**Figure 1**). Water and sediments serve as a sink to these contaminants [25, 26]. Constant consumption of drugs due to less attention given to traditional medicine for the treatment aliments and frequent use of personal care products as vogue has led to the release of different by-products at low concentrations into our environments [27]. The concentration of these pollutants are based on the production processes of some products (drugs) applied in various countries. For example, the concentration of bisphenol A in European water and North American were 43 and 12 ppb correspondingly [28, 29]. Their presence in water has affected the water physicochemical parameter and required urgent attention to drinking issues. Essentially however, many wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are not considered or designed for the removal of emerging contaminants as shown **Figure 1**. As a result of their hydrophobic nature PPCPs and other EC metabolites as well as associated particular mater settled below water surface when discharged in water. Treated and untreated urban water as well as WWTP (**Figure 1**) are the main sources and path route of EC.

**9**

*Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant*

PPCPs are present in our environment at very low concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L but there is paucity of information about the various secondary metabolites generated during the biotransformation of parent compounds [16] The impact of the metabolites could be more toxic than the main compounds and their adverse effect on non-target organism is less understood [30]. The longtime exposure to PPCPs pose severe threat to aquatic biota and human life. Also, many studies on environmental toxicology on the exposure of non-target organs to PPCP are results from acute toxicity data [31–33]. Many PPCPs contained bioactive ingredient that could have a chronic effect non-target biota. Goldfish shows bio-centration factor of 113 when it is exposed to high concentration of PPCPs for 14 days [34]. Chronic effect could lead to gene mutation and decline in fish population. For instance, diclofenac may cause ill-effect on fish organs. Fish are susceptible to PPPCPs contaminants since they live in the environment where these contaminants are present [35]. The presence of carbamazepine and diclofenac in aquatic environs damaged algal chloroplasts [36]. Long time exposure to Sulfamethoxazole cause severe toxicity and inhibit photosynthesis process [37]. Also, ciprofloxacin is toxic to green algae [38]. Natural bacteria developed antibiotic tolerance in PPCP antibiotic contaminated environments [39]. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are also referred to as hormones in aquatic or aqueous environments. Some endocrine chemicals reduce the proper functioning of endocrine system (ES) that is physiological activities [40]. For example, retardation in reproductive processes such as sex variation, poor metabolic and embryonic developments [41]. These environmental hormones could cause serious effects on both aquatic and terrestrials animals through inhibition and modification of hormonal growth in ES

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*

**4. Risk of emerging pollutants**

*Potential sources of PPCPs/EDCs in water cycle modified [24].*

**Figure 1.**

and hormones in the cell correspondingly [42].

*Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94447*

**Figure 1.**

*Emerging Contaminants*

Methicillin Sulfamethazine Nandrolone Sulfamethoxazole Nafcillin Sulfapyridine Nadolol Tetracycline Naproxen Temazepam *N*-Methylphenacetine Terbutaline Neomycin B Taloxa

Norfloxacin Tolfenamic acid Nordiazepam Tilmicosin Novobiocin Timolol Ofloxacin Tiamulin Oxacillin Tramadol Omeprazole Trimethoprim Oleandomycin Tylosin Oxazepam Verapamil Oxytetracycline Valnemulin Oxprenolol Zolpidem

*Identified pharmaceuticals and personal care products (NORMAN [16, 20]).*

More than 1036 EC and secondary metabolites as well as biotransformation products are identified on NORMAN List in **Table 2** (NORMAN [20]). The most common classes/categories of ECs include; industrial chemicals, disinfection byproducts, pesticides, sweeteners endocrine disrupting compounds, nanoparticles, sunscreens, UV filters, pharmaceuticals and personal care products among

Series of anthropogenic activities such as agricultural, domestic and industrial activities leads to the discharged of the pollutants into our environments (**Figure 1**). Water and sediments serve as a sink to these contaminants [25, 26]. Constant consumption of drugs due to less attention given to traditional medicine for the treatment aliments and frequent use of personal care products as vogue has led to the release of different by-products at low concentrations into our environments [27]. The concentration of these pollutants are based on the production processes of some products (drugs) applied in various countries. For example, the concentration of bisphenol A in European water and North American were 43 and 12 ppb correspondingly [28, 29]. Their presence in water has affected the water physicochemical parameter and required urgent attention to drinking issues. Essentially however, many wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are not considered or designed for the removal of emerging contaminants as shown **Figure 1**. As a result of their hydrophobic nature PPCPs and other EC metabolites as well as associated particular mater settled below water surface when discharged in water. Treated and untreated urban water as well as

**8**

others [21–23].

**Table 2.**

**3. Potential routes emerging pollutants**

WWTP (**Figure 1**) are the main sources and path route of EC.

*Potential sources of PPCPs/EDCs in water cycle modified [24].*
