Contents



**III**

**Chapter 13 229**

**Chapter 14 247**

**Chapter 15 267**

**Chapter 16 291**

**Chapter 17 301**

Sources, Fate, and Impact of Microplastics in Aquatic Environment *by Sukanya Mehra, Khushboo Sharma, Geetika Sharma, Mandeep Singh* 

Screening and Potential Uses of Contaminated Spent Mushroom

Determination of Concentration for Some Priority Substances in Paddy Fields of Ergene River, Meriç River, and Yenikarpuzlu Dam, Turkey

Reducing Emerging Contaminants Ensuing from Rusting of Marine Steel

*by Mathipriya Shanmugavelu and Ganesan Sevugaperumal*

*by Karima Hanini, Sameh Boudiba and Merzoug Benahmed*

Chemical Mechanical Planarization-Related to Contaminants:

*by Barış Can Körükçü and Cemile Ozcan*

Their Sources and Characteristics

*and Pooja Chadha*

(*Pleurotus* spp.)

Installations

*by Jihoon Seo*


**II**

**Chapter 6 93**

**Chapter 7 119**

**Chapter 8 129**

**Chapter 9 149**

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment **161**

**Chapter 10 163**

**Chapter 11 191**

Emerging Contaminants and Environment **205**

**Chapter 12 207**

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants: Advances in Sample Preparation and Detection Techniques *by Japheth M. Nzangya, Elizabeth N. Ndunda, Geoffrey O. Bosire,* 

Pharmaceutical Antibiotics at a Significant Level in Nature: From Hospitals,

Effects of Antibiotics on Impacted Aquatic Environment Microorganisms

*by Lívia Caroline Alexandre de Araújo, Sivoneide Maria da Silva, Rafael Artur de Queiroz Cavalcanti de Sá, Ana Vitoria Araujo Lima, Amanda Virginia Barbosa, Jaqueline dos Santos Silva, Kaleen Massari Leite, Wellenilton Jose do Nascimento Júnior, Vladimir da Mota Silveira-Filho,* 

*Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques, Francisco Henrique Da Silva* 

Analysis of Exogenous Poisoning by Pesticide in the State of Bahia-Brazil

*Rafael Artur de Queiroz Cavalcanti de Sá, Marcilio de Oliveira Santos, Jordany Gomes da Silva, Kelma Sirleide de Souza, Bruno Oliveira de Veras* 

Potential Use of Agro/Food Wastes as Biosorbents in the Removal

Impact of Emerging Agricultural Contaminants on Global Warming

*by Nosiri Chidi, Anyanwu Chukwuma and Nwaogwugwu Joel*

Limited Knowledge and Unsafe Practices in Usage of Pesticides and The Associated Toxicity Symptoms among Farmers in Tullo and Finchawa Rural Kebeles, Hawassa City, Sidama Regional State,

*by Karolayne Silva Souza, Flávia Steffany Leite Miranda, Milena Roberta Freire da Silva, Caio Rodrigo Dias de Assis,* 

Southern Ethiopia

of Heavy Metals

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

*by Lana MHD Jamal Alshalati*

during the Period from 2007 to 2017

*and Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira*

*by Faizan Ahmad and Sadaf Zaidi*

Livestock, and Plants to Soil, Water, and Sea *by Mauricio Corredor and Amalia Muñoz-Gómez*

*and Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira*

*Bice S. Martincigh and Vincent O. Nyamori*

Preface

Emerging contaminants are synthetic or natural compounds and microorganisms produced and used by humans that tend to have adverse ecological and human health effects once they reach the environment. These contaminants are present in everyday life in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, detergents, surfactants, pesticides, and so on. Up until the 1990s, most of these contaminants were not identified by environmental monitoring programs because their production and use were not intended to have harmful consequences for the environment and living organisms. However, not only are these contaminants themselves problematic but so are their metabolic/degradation products. Today, there are many emerging contaminants, including domestic and industrial chemicals, hospital medicaments, and farming chemicals. All these compounds are persistent in the environment (water, soil, sediments), can spread far and wide, can bioaccumulate easily, and are toxic. This book, *Emerging Contaminants*, discusses a wide variety of toxins that

The first section provides detailed information about the classification, sources, adverse effects, and toxicology of emerging contaminants as well as some of the most used analytical techniques for their quantification. People use many substances at home, in hospitals, and in agricultural and industrial processes. On one hand, these substances are necessary for our wellbeing, but on the other hand, they can damage the environment, organisms, and human health. Many of these substances end up in the environment through wastewater, farming activities, industrial wastes, water treatment processes, and so on. The classification of emerging contaminants is based on their use (such as pesticides, antibiotics, etc.). The chapters in the first section give a clear picture of the main classes of these pollutants as well as additional information concerning their origin in the environment and the problems that they cause. These contaminants are found in low levels (trace to ultra-trace) in the environment, in the ppt–ppm range. Even at these levels, emerging contaminants can have toxic effects. For the analyst, identifying contaminants at ultra-trace concentrations is a challenge, therefore special attention is paid in this section to analytical techniques for sample treatment and quantification, especially in water and biota samples.

One of the most important groups of emerging contaminants is pesticides. As such, the second section of this book presents some recent work on pesticides. Many chemical formulations are used for many years in agriculture as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and so on. The use of pesticides in agriculture is necessary, but it must be done carefully and in a controlled way because their use can cause soil pollution, food contamination, and broader environmental pollution that affects water ecosystems. Many pesticide formulations, due to their adverse environmental and health effects, have been banned, such as some organochlorine pesticides like DDT, aldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, etc.). Despite being banned, these compounds and their metabolites persist in the environment. Nowadays, pesticides continue to be in use in agriculture in many other formulations, mostly with N, S, and P; therefore chemical, biological, and toxicological monitoring should always be at the center of attention for institutions and scientists.

have adverse effects on our lives.
