**8. Conclusion**

Pesticides are used in managing pests of agricultural and public health importance, and their use will continue in future because of food security and vector control. Additionally, pesticides are used at home in fumigation for structural pests and to mitigate household pest using aerosols or sprays. It is difficult to eliminate pesticides in the near future, but they should be used with care and caution. Most pesticides are potentially toxic to human beings resulting in severe health consequences including cancers.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that there is an increased incidence of different diseases including leukemia, lymphoma, and several other types of cancers in farmers, and those who are associated with application of pesticides. There is also evidence that parental exposure, as well as, exposure in early life or adolescence could increase the longer-term risks.

Since animal studies are problematic, expensive and often generate ethical problems, cell cultures are increasingly used as a model of research. Correctly conducted and properly selected, the cell culture is an excellent experimental model reflecting human exposure to different xenobiotics through all relevant routes. The cell cultures are also becoming more widely used to study the effect of pesticides on the human body at a molecular level, which is necessary to understand the hazards and determine the level of exposure.

Some pesticides (OCs) are no longer used worldwide due to their persistence and toxicity. However, their residues or metabolites are still found in food and water samples. The use of OPs and carbamate insecticides has been reduced since the arrival of newer chemistries in different parts of the world but most of them are still use around the world.

The workplace safety standards and proper pesticide management and storage must be implemented to reduce the risks posed to human health. Pesticide users should be aware of their risks and proper handling, as well as must use personal protective equipment which are effective in reducing damage to human health. To ensure healthy childhood growth, efforts should be made to develop comprehensive pesticides risk mitigation strategies and interventions to reduce children's exposure.

It is critical to achieve sustainable development in agricultural systems. Newer approaches in pest management have been developed which should be encouraged. For example, RNA interference- (RNAi-) based pesticides are emerging as a promising new biorational control strategy [61] and steam treatment at temperature of 150.56°C can kill 93.99% of nematode 97.49% of bacteria [62].

Future research need in the context of minimizing the impact on human health due to exposure to pesticides include an urgent need to eliminate the use of carcinogenic pesticides and to develop environmentally sound integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that use the minimum amount of pesticides. Such IPM strategies should aim at reducing the pesticides residues on food products and pesticides-free water and air.
