[26] Kuramochi H,

Maeda K, Kawamoto K. Physicochemical properties of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and extension of the UNIFAC model to brominated aromatic compounds. *Chemosphere*. 2007;**67**:1858-1865

[27] Harner T, Shoeib M. Measurements of octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Predicting partitioning in the environment. *J. Chem. Eng.* 2002;**47**:228-232

[28] Wei-haas ML, Hageman KJ, Chin Y. Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers to dissolved organic matter isolated from Arctic surface waters. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2014;**48**:4852-4859

[29] Li Y et al. Influences of binding to dissolved organic matter on hydrophobic organic compounds in a multi-contaminant system: Coefficients, mechanisms and ecological risks. *Environ. Pollut.* 2015;**206**:461-468

[30] Winid B. Environmental threats of natural water contamination with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). *Polish J. Environ. Stud.* 2015;**24**:47-55

**221**

2015.

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants…*

gradients, and profiles. *Environ. Pollut.*

[39] Eljarrat E, Labandeira A, Marsh G. Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils. *Chemosphere*.

2011;**159**:3666-3672

2008;**71**:1079-1086

2010;**78**:169-174

2011;**45**:2386-2393

[40] Huang Y, Chen L, Peng X, Xu Z, Ye Z. PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China : Characteristics and implications. *Chemosphere*.

[41] Kang Y, Wang HS, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust and human hair. *Atmos. Environ.*

[42] Harrad S, Ibarra C, Diamond M, Melymuk L, Robson M, Douwes J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. *Environ. Int.* 2008;**34**:232-238

[43] Abafe OA, Martincigh BS. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust in Durban, South Africa. *Environ.* 

*Sci. Pollut. Res.* 2015;**25**:547-556

[44] Daso AP, Fatoki OS, Odendaal JP. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) samples from the Diep River, Cape Town, South Africa. *Environ. Sci.* 

*Pollut.* 2013;**20**:5168-5176

2006;**40**:7263-7269

[45] Streets SS, Henderson SA, Stoner AD, Carlson DL, Simcik MF, Swackhamer DL. Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan. *Environ. Sci. Technol.*

ethers (PBDEs) in house dust. *Chemosphere*. 2009;**77**:704-705

[46] Banasik M, Hardy M, Stedeford T. An assessment of the human risks from exposure to polybrominated diphenyl

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

(PBDEs): New pollutants-old diseases. *Clin. Med. Reaserach*. 2003;**1**:281-290

Sericano J. Levels and Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water, Surface Sediments, and Bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary. *Environ.* 

Valdez MC, Yamashita N. *Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals*. Third Edit: Elsevier Inc.; 2018

[32] Rodigari F, Crane D,

*Sci. Technol*. 2005;**39**:33-41

[34] Taylor P, Akutsu K. Food additives & contaminants: Part B: Surveillance dietary intake estimations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) based on a total diet study in Osaka, Japan View Dataset. *Food Addit.* 

[35] Darnerud PO, Hallgren S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in rats - Testing interactions and mechanisms for thyroid hormone effects. *Toxicology*. 2002;**177**:227-243

[36] Sjödin A, Hagmar L, Klassonwehler E, Kronholm-diab K, Jakobsson E, Bergman A. Flame retardant exposure: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers. *Environ. Health Perspect.*

[37] P. R. S. Kodavanti, J. E. Royland, C. Osorio, W. M. Winnik, and P. Ortiz, "Developmental exposure to a commercial PBDE mixture: Effects on protein networks in the cerebellum and hippocampus of rats," *Environ. Health Perspect.*, vol. 123, pp. 428-436,

[38] Gevao B, Ghadban AN, Uddin S, Jaward FM, Bahloul M,

Zafar J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urbanrural transect: Sources, concentration

[33] Kodavanti PRS,

*Contam.* 2008;**1**:58-68

1999;**107**:643-648

[31] Siddiqi MA, Kurt RD. Polybrominate diphenyl ethers *Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

(PBDEs): New pollutants-old diseases. *Clin. Med. Reaserach*. 2003;**1**:281-290

*Emerging Contaminants*

pp. 53-59, 2014.

2011;**1218**:7242-7247

2015;**71**:55-64

pp. 67-73, 2005.

2013;**51**:577-586

[16] Fontana AR, Wuilloud RG, Martínez LD, Altamirano JC. Simple approach based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction for determination of polibrominated flame retardants in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2009;**1216**:147-153

[24] Rigét F, Vorkamp K, Dietz R, Rastogi SC. Temporal trend studies on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated

2006;**8**:1000-1005

pp. 1723-1729, 2003.

[26] Kuramochi H,

2007;**67**:1858-1865

2002;**47**:228-232

2014;**48**:4852-4859

2015;**206**:461-468

2015;**24**:47-55

[31] Siddiqi MA, Kurt RD. Polybrominate diphenyl ethers

biphenyls (PCBs) in ringed seals from East Greenland. *J. Environ. Monit.*

[25] A. Schecter, M. Pavuk, O. Päpke, J. J. Ryan, L. Birnbaum, and R. Rosen, "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk," *Environ. Health Perspect.*, vol. 111,

Maeda K, Kawamoto K. Physicochemical properties of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers and extension of the UNIFAC model to brominated aromatic compounds. *Chemosphere*.

[27] Harner T, Shoeib M. Measurements of octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Predicting partitioning in the environment. *J. Chem. Eng.*

[28] Wei-haas ML, Hageman KJ,

Chin Y. Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers to dissolved organic matter isolated from Arctic surface waters. *Environ. Sci. Technol.*

[29] Li Y et al. Influences of binding to dissolved organic matter on hydrophobic organic compounds in a multi-contaminant system: Coefficients, mechanisms and ecological risks. *Environ. Pollut.*

[30] Winid B. Environmental threats of natural water contamination with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). *Polish J. Environ. Stud.*

[17] E. Bizkarguenaga et al., "Focused ultrasound assisted extraction for the determination of PBDEs in vegetables and amended soil," *Talanta*, vol. 119,

[18] Ghosh R, Hageman KJ, Björklund E. Selective pressurized liquid extraction

contaminants in fish. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[19] Vazquez-roig P, Picó Y. Pressurized

contaminants in environmental and food samples. *Trends Anal. Chem.*

[20] M. Karlsson, A. Julander, B. Van Bavel, and G. Lindstro, "Solid-phase extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human plasma-comparison with an open column extraction method," *Chromatographia*, vol. 61,

[21] Liu X et al. Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid – liquid microextraction for the determination for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in different environmental matrices. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2009;**1216**:2220-2226

[22] Zhang M, Zeng J, Wang Y, Chen X. Developments and trends of molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction. *J. Chromatogr. Sci.*

[23] Stapleton HM. Instrumental methods and challenges in quantifying polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental extracts. *Anal Bioanal* 

*Chem*. 2006;**386**:807-817

of three classes of halogenated

liquid extraction of organic

**220**

[32] Rodigari F, Crane D, Sericano J. Levels and Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water, Surface Sediments, and Bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary. *Environ. Sci. Technol*. 2005;**39**:33-41

[33] Kodavanti PRS, Valdez MC, Yamashita N. *Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals*. Third Edit: Elsevier Inc.; 2018

[34] Taylor P, Akutsu K. Food additives & contaminants: Part B: Surveillance dietary intake estimations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) based on a total diet study in Osaka, Japan View Dataset. *Food Addit. Contam.* 2008;**1**:58-68

[35] Darnerud PO, Hallgren S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in rats - Testing interactions and mechanisms for thyroid hormone effects. *Toxicology*. 2002;**177**:227-243

[36] Sjödin A, Hagmar L, Klassonwehler E, Kronholm-diab K, Jakobsson E, Bergman A. Flame retardant exposure: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers. *Environ. Health Perspect.* 1999;**107**:643-648

[37] P. R. S. Kodavanti, J. E. Royland, C. Osorio, W. M. Winnik, and P. Ortiz, "Developmental exposure to a commercial PBDE mixture: Effects on protein networks in the cerebellum and hippocampus of rats," *Environ. Health Perspect.*, vol. 123, pp. 428-436, 2015.

[38] Gevao B, Ghadban AN, Uddin S, Jaward FM, Bahloul M, Zafar J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils along a rural-urbanrural transect: Sources, concentration

gradients, and profiles. *Environ. Pollut.* 2011;**159**:3666-3672

[39] Eljarrat E, Labandeira A, Marsh G. Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils. *Chemosphere*. 2008;**71**:1079-1086

[40] Huang Y, Chen L, Peng X, Xu Z, Ye Z. PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China : Characteristics and implications. *Chemosphere*. 2010;**78**:169-174

[41] Kang Y, Wang HS, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust and human hair. *Atmos. Environ.* 2011;**45**:2386-2393

[42] Harrad S, Ibarra C, Diamond M, Melymuk L, Robson M, Douwes J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. *Environ. Int.* 2008;**34**:232-238

[43] Abafe OA, Martincigh BS. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust in Durban, South Africa. *Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.* 2015;**25**:547-556

[44] Daso AP, Fatoki OS, Odendaal JP. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) samples from the Diep River, Cape Town, South Africa. *Environ. Sci. Pollut.* 2013;**20**:5168-5176

[45] Streets SS, Henderson SA, Stoner AD, Carlson DL, Simcik MF, Swackhamer DL. Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2006;**40**:7263-7269

[46] Banasik M, Hardy M, Stedeford T. An assessment of the human risks from exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust. *Chemosphere*. 2009;**77**:704-705

[47] Harrad S, Abdallah MA, Oluseyi T. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in dust from cars, homes, and offices in Lagos, Nigeria. *Chemosphere*. 2016;**146**:346-353

[48] Arinaitwe K, Muir DCG, Kiremire BT, Fellin P, Li H, Teixeira C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative flame retardants in air and precipitation samples from the Northern Lake Victoria region, East Africa. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2014;**66**:1453-1461

[49] H. Sun, Y. Qi, D. Zhang, Q. X. Li, and J. Wang, "Concentrations, distribution, sources and risk assessment of organohalogenated contaminants in soils from Kenya, Eastern Africa," *Environ. Pollut.*, vol. 209, pp. 177-185, 2016.

[50] Wang Y, Luo C, Li J, Yin H, Li X, Zhang G. Characterization of PBDEs in soils and vegetations near an e-waste recycling site in South China. *Environ. Pollut.* 2011;**159**:2443-2448

[51] Chen L et al. PBDEs in sediments of the Beijiang River, China: Levels, distribution, and influence of total organic carbon. *Chemosphere*. 2009;**76**:226-231

[52] Zhao X, Zhang H, Ni Y, Lu X, Zhang X, Su F. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: Levels, distribution and their influencing factors. *Chemosphere*. 2011;**82**:1262-1267

[53] Karin O, Warman K, Tomas O. Distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. *Chemosphere*. 2002;**48**:805-809

[54] Gevao B, Muzaini S, Helaleh M. Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge from three wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait. *Chemosphere*. 2008;**71**:242-247

[55] Sjödin A, Wong L, Jones RS, Park A, Zhang Y, Hodge C. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. *Environ. Sci. Technol*. 2008;**42**:1377-1384

[56] Wepener V, Smit N, Covaci A, Dyke S, Bervoets L. Seasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus castelnau, from Lake Pongolapoort, South Africa. *Bull Env. Contam Toxicol*. 2012;**88**:277-282

[57] Matovu H, Sillanpää M, Ssebugere P. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Uganda. *Sci. Total Environ.* 2019;**692**:1106-1115

[58] Ni H, Ding C, Lu S, Yin X, Olatunbosun S. Food as a main route of adult exposure to PBDEs in Shenzhen, China. *Sci. Total Environ.* 2012;**437**:10-14

[59] N. Wu, T. Herrmann, O. Paepke, J. Tickner, R. Hale, and E. Harvey, "Human exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations," vol. 41, pp. 1584-1589, 2007.

[60] Abdallah MA, Pawar G, Harrad S. Effect of bromine substitution on human dermal absorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers effect of bromine substitution on human dermal absorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2015;**49**:10976-10983

[61] Kuo L, Cade SE, Cullinan V, Schultz IR. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma from e-waste recyclers, outdoor and indoor workers in the Puget Sound, WA region. *Chemosphere*. 2019;**219**:209-216

**223**

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants…*

[70] Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[71] Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples : A critical review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2016;**905**:24-41

[72] Gevao B et al. House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. *Chemosphere*.

extraction : Past and present panacea. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2010;**1217**:2383-2389

[73] Castro L, Capote P. Soxhlet

[74] Da C, Wang R, Ye J, Yang S. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Huaihe River, China: Implications for historical production and household usage of PBDE-containing products. *Environ. Pollut.* 2019;**254**:112955-112963

[75] Hemwimol S, Pavasant P, Shotipruk A. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. *Ultrason.* 

*Sonochem.* 2006;**13**:543-548

*Chem.* 2019;**118**:739-750

2017;**34**:540-560

[77] Chemat F, Rombaut N,

Sicaire A, Meullemiestre A, Abert-vian M. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. *Ultrason. Sonochem.*

[76] Tadeo L, Rosa AP, Albero B. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of organic contaminants. *Trends Anal.* 

2007;**1153**:145-171

2006;**64**:603-608

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

Lin Z, Lin K, Wang J. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human serum from Southeast China. *Ecotoxicol.* 

Lam MH, Hecker M, Giesy JP. Effects of 20 PBDE metabolites on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. *Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.* 2008;**176**:230-238

Musarrat J, Takeda S. Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2011;**45**:5003-5008

[62] Wang C, Lin Z, Dong Q,

*Environ. Saf.* 2012;**78**:206-211

[63] He Y, Murphy MB, Yu RM,

[64] Ji K, Choi K, Giesy JP,

[65] Eriksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. Brominated flame retardants: A novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? *Environ. Health Perspect.*

[66] Chen L, Huang C, Yu L, Zhu B, Lam J, Zhou B. Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebra fish larvae. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2012;**46**:9727-9734

[67] Roze E, Meijer L, Bakker A, Van Braeckel KNJA, Sauer PJJ, Bos AF. Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age. *Environ. Health Perspect.*

[68] Zhang Z, Shanmugam M, Rhind SM. PLE and GC-MS determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils. *Chromatographia*. 2010;**72**:535-543

[69] Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. *Biomed. Chromatogr.* 2011;**25**:199-217

2001;**109**:903-908

2009;**117**:1953-1958

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

[62] Wang C, Lin Z, Dong Q, Lin Z, Lin K, Wang J. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human serum from Southeast China. *Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.* 2012;**78**:206-211

*Emerging Contaminants*

[47] Harrad S, Abdallah MA, Oluseyi T. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in dust from cars, homes, and offices in Lagos, Nigeria. *Chemosphere*. 2016;**146**:346-353 [55] Sjödin A, Wong L, Jones RS, Park A, Zhang Y, Hodge C. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and

[56] Wepener V, Smit N,

[57] Matovu H, Sillanpää M,

[58] Ni H, Ding C, Lu S, Yin X, Olatunbosun S. Food as a main route of adult exposure to PBDEs in Shenzhen, China. *Sci. Total Environ.*

[59] N. Wu, T. Herrmann, O. Paepke, J. Tickner, R. Hale, and E. Harvey, "Human exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations," vol. 41, pp. 1584-1589,

[60] Abdallah MA, Pawar G,

2015;**49**:10976-10983

on human dermal absorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers effect of bromine substitution on human dermal absorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. *Environ. Sci. Technol.*

[61] Kuo L, Cade SE, Cullinan V, Schultz IR. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma from e-waste recyclers, outdoor and indoor workers in the Puget Sound, WA region. *Chemosphere*. 2019;**219**:209-216

Harrad S. Effect of bromine substitution

2012;**88**:277-282

2019;**692**:1106-1115

2012;**437**:10-14

2007.

polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. *Environ. Sci. Technol*. 2008;**42**:1377-1384

Covaci A, Dyke S, Bervoets L. Seasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus castelnau, from Lake Pongolapoort, South Africa. *Bull Env. Contam Toxicol*.

Ssebugere P. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Uganda. *Sci. Total Environ.*

Kiremire BT, Fellin P, Li H, Teixeira C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative flame retardants in air and precipitation samples from the Northern Lake Victoria region, East Africa. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2014;**66**:1453-1461

[49] H. Sun, Y. Qi, D. Zhang, Q. X. Li, and J. Wang, "Concentrations, distribution, sources and risk assessment of organohalogenated contaminants in soils from Kenya, Eastern Africa," *Environ. Pollut.*, vol.

[50] Wang Y, Luo C, Li J, Yin H, Li X, Zhang G. Characterization of PBDEs in soils and vegetations near an e-waste recycling site in South China. *Environ.* 

[51] Chen L et al. PBDEs in sediments of the Beijiang River, China: Levels, distribution, and influence of total organic carbon. *Chemosphere*.

Lu X, Zhang X, Su F. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: Levels, distribution and their influencing factors. *Chemosphere*. 2011;**82**:1262-1267

[53] Karin O, Warman K, Tomas O. Distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. *Chemosphere*. 2002;**48**:805-809

[54] Gevao B, Muzaini S, Helaleh M. Occurrence and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge from three wastewater

treatment plants in Kuwait. *Chemosphere*. 2008;**71**:242-247

209, pp. 177-185, 2016.

*Pollut.* 2011;**159**:2443-2448

[52] Zhao X, Zhang H, Ni Y,

2009;**76**:226-231

[48] Arinaitwe K, Muir DCG,

**222**

[63] He Y, Murphy MB, Yu RM, Lam MH, Hecker M, Giesy JP. Effects of 20 PBDE metabolites on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. *Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.* 2008;**176**:230-238

[64] Ji K, Choi K, Giesy JP, Musarrat J, Takeda S. Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2011;**45**:5003-5008

[65] Eriksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. Brominated flame retardants: A novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? *Environ. Health Perspect.* 2001;**109**:903-908

[66] Chen L, Huang C, Yu L, Zhu B, Lam J, Zhou B. Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebra fish larvae. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 2012;**46**:9727-9734

[67] Roze E, Meijer L, Bakker A, Van Braeckel KNJA, Sauer PJJ, Bos AF. Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age. *Environ. Health Perspect.* 2009;**117**:1953-1958

[68] Zhang Z, Shanmugam M, Rhind SM. PLE and GC-MS determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils. *Chromatographia*. 2010;**72**:535-543

[69] Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. *Biomed. Chromatogr.* 2011;**25**:199-217

[70] Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2007;**1153**:145-171

[71] Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples : A critical review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2016;**905**:24-41

[72] Gevao B et al. House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. *Chemosphere*. 2006;**64**:603-608

[73] Castro L, Capote P. Soxhlet extraction : Past and present panacea. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2010;**1217**:2383-2389

[74] Da C, Wang R, Ye J, Yang S. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Huaihe River, China: Implications for historical production and household usage of PBDE-containing products. *Environ. Pollut.* 2019;**254**:112955-112963

[75] Hemwimol S, Pavasant P, Shotipruk A. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. *Ultrason. Sonochem.* 2006;**13**:543-548

[76] Tadeo L, Rosa AP, Albero B. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of organic contaminants. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**118**:739-750

[77] Chemat F, Rombaut N, Sicaire A, Meullemiestre A, Abert-vian M. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. *Ultrason. Sonochem.* 2017;**34**:540-560

[78] Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected in air conditioning filters of different usage – method development. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2018;**1565**:57-67

[79] A. Jorge Moreda-Pineiro and Moreda-pineiro, "Combined assisted extraction techniques as green sample pre-treatments in food analysis," *Trends Anal. Chem.*, vol. 118, pp. 1-18, 2019.

[80] Mustafa A, Turner C. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction : A review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2011;**703**:8-18

[81] Vilaplana F, Karlsson P, Ribes-Greus A, Ivarsson P, Karlsson S. Analysis of brominated flame retardants in styrenic polymers. Comparison of the extraction efficiency of ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised liquid extraction. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2008;**1196-1197**:139-146

[82] Andreu V, Pic Y. Pressurized liquid extraction of organic contaminants in environmental and food samples. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**118**:709-721

[83] Flórez N, Conde E, Domínguez H. Microwave assisted water extraction of plant compounds. *J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.* 2015;**90**:590-607

[84] Llompart M, Celeiro M, Dagnac T. Microwave-assisted extraction of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial contaminants in the environment. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**116**:136-150

[85] Beser MI, Beltrán J, Yusà V. Design of experiment approach for the optimization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers determination in fine airborne particulate matter by microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem

mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2014;**1323**:1-10

[86] Li Y, Wang T, Hashi Y, Li H, Lin J. Determination of brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipments with microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. *Talanta*. 2009;**78**:1429-1435

[87] Shin M, Svoboda ML, Falletta P. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge. *Anal Bioanal Chem*. 2007;**387**:2923-2929

[88] Pérez-Lemus N, López-Serna R, Pérez-Elvira SI, Barrado E. Analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge: A critical review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2019;**1083**:19-40

[89] Shao M, Jiang J, Li M, Wu L, Hu M. Recent developments in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in plastic. *Rev. Anal. Chem.* 2016;**35**:133-143

[90] Peng S, Liang S, Yu M, Li X. Extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers contained in waste high impact polystyrene by supercritical carbon dioxide. *J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag.* 2014;**16**:178-185

[91] Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE, Grønhaug Halvorsen T. Liquid-liquid extraction procedures for sample enrichment in capillary zone electrophoresis. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2000;**902**(1):91-105

[92] Hu X, Hu D, Chen W, Wu B, Lin C. Simultaneous determination of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, soil and sediment from China by GC-MS. *J. Chromatogr. Sci.* 2015;**53**:1239-1249

**225**

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants…*

[101] Vasapollo G et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers: Present and future prospective. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.*

[103] Vallecillos L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A simple and automated method to determine macrocyclic musk fragrances in sewage sludge samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2013;**1314**:38-43

[104] Seidi S, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M. Electrochemically assisted solid based extraction techniques: A review. *Talanta*. 2015;**132**:339-353

Zhou YS, Wang X, Xu GJ, Wang ML. Β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework coating for ultra-high-performance solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from environmental samples. *Chem. Eng. J.* 2019;**356**:926-933

[107] Kelemen H, Hancu G, Papp LA. Analytical methodologies for the determination of endocrine disrupting

[108] Rocha-Gutiérrez BA, Lee WY, Shane Walker W. Mass balance and mass loading of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a tertiary wastewater

compounds in biological and environmental samples. *Biomed. Chromatogr.* 2019;**2013**:1-23

[105] Madikizela LM, Ncube S, Chimuka L. Recent Developments in Selective Materials for Solid Phase Extraction. *Chromatographia*.

2019;**82**:1171-1189

[106] Liu L, Meng WK,

[102] Covaci A, Voorspoels S. Optimization of the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographyelectron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. B*.

2011;**12**:5908-5945

2005;**827**:216-223

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

Ssebugere P. Prenatal exposure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mother-infant pairs and their transplacental transfer characteristics in Uganda (East Africa). *Environ. Pollut.*

development, validation, and transfer for high throughput bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods. *Curr. Pharm. Anal.*

[95] Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples – review. *J. Sep. Sci.*

[96] Chen Y, Xia L, Liang R, Lu Z, Li L, Huo B. Advanced materials for sample preparation in recent decade. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**120**:115652-115666

[97] Han F et al. Solid-phase extraction

[98] Wille SMR, Lambert WEE. Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology. *Anal Bioanal Chem*. 2007;**388**:1381-1391

[99] Huck CW, Bonn GK. Recent developments in polymer-based sorbents for solid-phase extraction Recent developments in polymer-based sorbents for solid-phase extraction. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2000;**9673**:51-72

[100] García-Córcoles MT et al. Chromatographic methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in natural water and wastewater samples: A Review. *Crit. Rev.* 

*Anal. Chem.* 2019;**49**:160-186

of seventeen alternative flame retardants in water as determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[93] Matovu H, Ssebugere P,

2020;**258**:113723-113767

2006;**1**:3-14

2012;**35**:2075-2087

2019;**1602**:64-73

[94] Zhou S, Song Q, Tang Y, Naidong W. Critical review of *Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

[93] Matovu H, Ssebugere P, Ssebugere P. Prenatal exposure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mother-infant pairs and their transplacental transfer characteristics in Uganda (East Africa). *Environ. Pollut.* 2020;**258**:113723-113767

*Emerging Contaminants*

2018;**1565**:57-67

2011;**703**:8-18

[78] Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected in air conditioning filters of different usage – method development. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[86] Li Y, Wang T, Hashi Y, Li H, Lin J. Determination of brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic equipments with microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-

[87] Shin M, Svoboda ML, Falletta P. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)

(PBDEs) in sewage sludge. *Anal Bioanal* 

[88] Pérez-Lemus N, López-Serna R, Pérez-Elvira SI, Barrado E. Analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge: A critical review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*.

[89] Shao M, Jiang J, Li M, Wu L, Hu M. Recent developments in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in plastic. *Rev. Anal. Chem.* 2016;**35**:133-143

[90] Peng S, Liang S, Yu M, Li X. Extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers contained in waste high impact polystyrene by supercritical carbon dioxide. *J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag.*

polybrominated diphenylethers

mass spectrometry. *Talanta*.

for the determination of

*Chem*. 2007;**387**:2923-2929

2009;**78**:1429-1435

2019;**1083**:19-40

2014;**16**:178-185

[91] Pedersen-Bjergaard S,

2000;**902**(1):91-105

2015;**53**:1239-1249

Rasmussen KE, Grønhaug Halvorsen T. Liquid-liquid extraction procedures for sample enrichment in capillary zone electrophoresis. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[92] Hu X, Hu D, Chen W, Wu B, Lin C. Simultaneous determination of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, soil and sediment from China by GC-MS. *J. Chromatogr. Sci.*

2014;**1323**:1-10

[79] A. Jorge Moreda-Pineiro and Moreda-pineiro, "Combined assisted extraction techniques as green sample pre-treatments in food analysis," *Trends Anal. Chem.*, vol. 118, pp. 1-18, 2019.

[80] Mustafa A, Turner C. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction :

Ribes-Greus A, Ivarsson P, Karlsson S. Analysis of brominated flame retardants in styrenic polymers. Comparison of the extraction efficiency of ultrasonication, microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised liquid extraction. *J.* 

*Chromatogr. A*. 2008;**1196-1197**:139-146

[82] Andreu V, Pic Y. Pressurized liquid extraction of organic contaminants in environmental and food samples. *Trends* 

[83] Flórez N, Conde E, Domínguez H. Microwave assisted water extraction of plant compounds. *J. Chem. Technol.* 

*Anal. Chem.* 2019;**118**:709-721

*Biotechnol.* 2015;**90**:590-607

[84] Llompart M, Celeiro M, Dagnac T. Microwave-assisted extraction of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial contaminants in the environment. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**116**:136-150

[85] Beser MI, Beltrán J, Yusà V. Design of experiment approach for the optimization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers determination in fine airborne particulate matter by microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem

A review. *Anal. Chim. Acta*.

[81] Vilaplana F, Karlsson P,

**224**

[94] Zhou S, Song Q, Tang Y, Naidong W. Critical review of development, validation, and transfer for high throughput bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods. *Curr. Pharm. Anal.* 2006;**1**:3-14

[95] Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples – review. *J. Sep. Sci.* 2012;**35**:2075-2087

[96] Chen Y, Xia L, Liang R, Lu Z, Li L, Huo B. Advanced materials for sample preparation in recent decade. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**120**:115652-115666

[97] Han F et al. Solid-phase extraction of seventeen alternative flame retardants in water as determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2019;**1602**:64-73

[98] Wille SMR, Lambert WEE. Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology. *Anal Bioanal Chem*. 2007;**388**:1381-1391

[99] Huck CW, Bonn GK. Recent developments in polymer-based sorbents for solid-phase extraction Recent developments in polymer-based sorbents for solid-phase extraction. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2000;**9673**:51-72

[100] García-Córcoles MT et al. Chromatographic methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in natural water and wastewater samples: A Review. *Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem.* 2019;**49**:160-186

[101] Vasapollo G et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers: Present and future prospective. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* 2011;**12**:5908-5945

[102] Covaci A, Voorspoels S. Optimization of the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographyelectron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. B*. 2005;**827**:216-223

[103] Vallecillos L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A simple and automated method to determine macrocyclic musk fragrances in sewage sludge samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2013;**1314**:38-43

[104] Seidi S, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M. Electrochemically assisted solid based extraction techniques: A review. *Talanta*. 2015;**132**:339-353

[105] Madikizela LM, Ncube S, Chimuka L. Recent Developments in Selective Materials for Solid Phase Extraction. *Chromatographia*. 2019;**82**:1171-1189

[106] Liu L, Meng WK, Zhou YS, Wang X, Xu GJ, Wang ML. Β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework coating for ultra-high-performance solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from environmental samples. *Chem. Eng. J.* 2019;**356**:926-933

[107] Kelemen H, Hancu G, Papp LA. Analytical methodologies for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds in biological and environmental samples. *Biomed. Chromatogr.* 2019;**2013**:1-23

[108] Rocha-Gutiérrez BA, Lee WY, Shane Walker W. Mass balance and mass loading of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a tertiary wastewater

treatment plant using SBSE-TD-GC/MS. *Water Sci. Technol.* 2016;**73**:302-308

[109] Rejczak T, Tuzimski T. A review of recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS sample preparation approach. *Open Chem.* 2015;**13**:980-1010

[110] Lu D et al. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishery and aquaculture products using sequential solid phase extraction and large volume injection gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. B*. 2014;**945-946**:75-83

[111] Fontanals N, Marc RM. Materials for solid-phase extraction of organic compounds. *Separations*. 2019;**6**:56-82

[112] Ayazi Z. Application of nanocomposite-based sorbents in microextraction techniques. *Analyst*. 2017;**142**:721-739

[113] Yu M, Wang L, Hu L, Li Y, Luo D, Mei S. Recent applications of magnetic composites as extraction adsorbents for determination of environmental pollutants. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2019;**119**:115611

[114] Zhang W, Sun Y, Wu C, Xing J, Li J. Polymer-functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes as a novel sol-gel solid-phase micro-extraction coated fiber for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water samples with gas chromatographyelectron capture detection. *Anal. Chem*. 2009;**81**:2912-2920

[115] Xiang L, Sheng H, Bian Y, Kang J, Yang X, Herzberger A. Optimization of sample pretreatment based on graphene oxide dispersed acid silica gel for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in vegetables near an e-waste recycling plant. *Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.* 2019;**103**:23-27

[116] Li X, Ma W, Li H, Bai Y, Liu H. Metal-organic frameworks as advanced sorbents in sample preparation for small organic analytes. *Coord. Chem. Rev.* 2019;**397**:1-13

[117] H. L. Jiang, N. Li, X. Wang, X. Y. Wei, R. S. Zhao, and J. M. Lin, "A zirconium-based metal-organic framework material for solidphase microextraction of trace polybrominated diphenyl ethers from milk," *Food Chem.*, vol. 317, no. 126436, 2020.

[118] Chidambara A, Duong D, Version D, Chidambara A. Molecularly imprinted polymers for sample preparation and biosensing in food analysis: progress and perspectives. *Biosens. Bioelectron.* 2017;**91**:606-615

[119] Li G, Row KH, Li G, Row KH. Recent applications of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on microextraction techniques. *Sep. Purif. Rev.* 2018;**47**:1-18

[120] He Y, Concheiro-Guisan M. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in forensic analytical toxicology. *Biomed. Chromatogr.* 2019;**33**:634-645

[121] Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Renata J. Simultaneous separation of chlorinated/ brominated dioxins, poly- chlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated derivatives from hydroxylated analogs on molecularly imprinted polymers prior to gas/liquid chromatography. *Talanta*. 2015;**144**:171-183

[122] Marć M, Wieczorek PP. Application potential of dummy molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction sorbents for determination of low-mass polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment samples. *Microchem. J.* 2019;**144**:461-468

**227**

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants…*

[130] Lin X, Li H, He X, Hashi Y, Lin J, Wang Z. Automated online pretreatment and cleanup recycle coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of deca-bromodiphenyl ether in human serum. *J. Sep. Sci*.

[131] Stapleton HM et al. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust standard reference materials. *Anal Bioanal Chem*; 2005

[132] Butryn DM, Gross MS, Chi LH, Schecter A, Olson JR, Aga DS. 'Oneshot' analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogs in human breast milk and serum using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. *Anal. Chim. Acta*.

2012;**35**:2553-2558

2015;**892**:140-147

2005;**47**:199-211

2016;**16**:1931-1941

2017;**10**:2296-2310

[136] Bettazzi F, Martellini T,

Palchetti I. Development of an

[133] Schecter A, Päpke O, Kuang CT, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: Current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. *J. Occup. Environ. Med.*

[134] Gou YY, Hsu YC, Chao HR, Que DE, Tayo LL, Lin CH. Pollution characteristics and diurnal variations in polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air from vehicle dismantler factories in Southern Taiwan. *Aerosol Air Qual. Res.*

[135] Chałupniak A, Merkoçi A. Toward integrated detection and graphenebased removal of contaminants in a lab-on-a-chip platform. *Nano Res.*

Shelver WL, Cincinelli A, Lanciotti E,

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

[123] Hu Y, Pan J, Zhang K, Lian H, Li G. Novel applications of molecularlyimprinted polymers in sample preparation. *Trends Anal. Chem.*

[124] Ansari S, Karimi M. Novel developments and trends of analytical methods for drug analysis in biological

and environmental samples by

*Anal. Chem.* 2017;**89**:146-162

[125] Marć M, Panuszko A,

2018;**1030**:77-95

2006;**1137**:8-14

*Acta*. 2010;**672**:137-146

*Microchem. J.* 2009;**92**:49-57

and characterization of dummytemplate molecularly imprinted polymers as potential sorbents for the recognition of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers. *Anal. Chim. Acta*.

[126] He K, Lv Y, Chen Y. Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and highperformance liquid chromatography. *J.* 

[127] Wang JX, Jiang DQ, Gu ZY, Yan XP. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electroncapture detection. *J. Chromatogr. A*.

[128] Blanco SL, Vieites JM. Single-run determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) di- to decabrominated in fish meal, fish and fish feed by isotope dilution: Application of automated sample purification and gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). *Anal. Chim.* 

[129] Vonderheide AP. A review of the challenges in the chemical analysis of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

*Sep. Sci*. 2014;**37**:2874-2881

molecularly imprinted polymers. *Trends* 

Namieśnik J, Wieczorek PP. Preparation

2013;**43**:37-52

*Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) as Emerging Environmental Pollutants… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93858*

[123] Hu Y, Pan J, Zhang K, Lian H, Li G. Novel applications of molecularlyimprinted polymers in sample preparation. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2013;**43**:37-52

*Emerging Contaminants*

2015;**13**:980-1010

2014;**945-946**:75-83

2017;**142**:721-739

2019;**119**:115611

2009;**81**:2912-2920

treatment plant using SBSE-TD-GC/MS. *Water Sci. Technol.* 2016;**73**:302-308

[116] Li X, Ma W, Li H, Bai Y, Liu H. Metal-organic frameworks as advanced sorbents in sample preparation for small organic analytes. *Coord. Chem. Rev.*

[117] H. L. Jiang, N. Li, X. Wang, X. Y. Wei, R. S. Zhao, and J. M. Lin, "A zirconium-based metal-organic framework material for solidphase microextraction of trace polybrominated diphenyl ethers from milk," *Food Chem.*, vol. 317, no. 126436,

[118] Chidambara A, Duong D,

imprinted polymers for sample preparation and biosensing in food analysis: progress and perspectives. *Biosens. Bioelectron.* 2017;**91**:606-615

[119] Li G, Row KH, Li G, Row KH. Recent applications of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on microextraction techniques. *Sep. Purif. Rev.*

[120] He Y, Concheiro-Guisan M. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in forensic analytical toxicology. *Biomed. Chromatogr.*

[121] Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Renata J. Simultaneous separation of chlorinated/ brominated dioxins, poly- chlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated

derivatives from hydroxylated analogs on molecularly imprinted polymers prior to gas/liquid chromatography.

[122] Marć M, Wieczorek PP. Application

potential of dummy molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction sorbents for determination of low-mass polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment samples. *Microchem. J.* 2019;**144**:461-468

*Talanta*. 2015;**144**:171-183

Version D, Chidambara A. Molecularly

2019;**397**:1-13

2020.

2018;**47**:1-18

2019;**33**:634-645

[109] Rejczak T, Tuzimski T. A review of recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS sample preparation approach. *Open Chem.*

[110] Lu D et al. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishery and aquaculture products using sequential solid phase extraction and large volume injection gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. *J. Chromatogr. B*.

[111] Fontanals N, Marc RM. Materials for solid-phase extraction of organic compounds. *Separations*. 2019;**6**:56-82

[113] Yu M, Wang L, Hu L, Li Y, Luo D, Mei S. Recent applications of magnetic composites as extraction adsorbents for determination of environmental pollutants. *Trends Anal. Chem.*

[114] Zhang W, Sun Y, Wu C, Xing J, Li J. Polymer-functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes as a novel sol-gel solid-phase micro-extraction coated fiber for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water samples with gas chromatographyelectron capture detection. *Anal. Chem*.

[115] Xiang L, Sheng H, Bian Y, Kang J, Yang X, Herzberger A. Optimization of sample pretreatment based on graphene oxide dispersed acid silica gel for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in vegetables near an e-waste recycling plant. *Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.* 2019;**103**:23-27

[112] Ayazi Z. Application of nanocomposite-based sorbents in microextraction techniques. *Analyst*.

**226**

[124] Ansari S, Karimi M. Novel developments and trends of analytical methods for drug analysis in biological and environmental samples by molecularly imprinted polymers. *Trends Anal. Chem.* 2017;**89**:146-162

[125] Marć M, Panuszko A, Namieśnik J, Wieczorek PP. Preparation and characterization of dummytemplate molecularly imprinted polymers as potential sorbents for the recognition of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2018;**1030**:77-95

[126] He K, Lv Y, Chen Y. Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and highperformance liquid chromatography. *J. Sep. Sci*. 2014;**37**:2874-2881

[127] Wang JX, Jiang DQ, Gu ZY, Yan XP. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electroncapture detection. *J. Chromatogr. A*. 2006;**1137**:8-14

[128] Blanco SL, Vieites JM. Single-run determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) di- to decabrominated in fish meal, fish and fish feed by isotope dilution: Application of automated sample purification and gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2010;**672**:137-146

[129] Vonderheide AP. A review of the challenges in the chemical analysis of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. *Microchem. J.* 2009;**92**:49-57

[130] Lin X, Li H, He X, Hashi Y, Lin J, Wang Z. Automated online pretreatment and cleanup recycle coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of deca-bromodiphenyl ether in human serum. *J. Sep. Sci*. 2012;**35**:2553-2558

[131] Stapleton HM et al. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust standard reference materials. *Anal Bioanal Chem*; 2005

[132] Butryn DM, Gross MS, Chi LH, Schecter A, Olson JR, Aga DS. 'Oneshot' analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogs in human breast milk and serum using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. *Anal. Chim. Acta*. 2015;**892**:140-147

[133] Schecter A, Päpke O, Kuang CT, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: Current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. *J. Occup. Environ. Med.* 2005;**47**:199-211

[134] Gou YY, Hsu YC, Chao HR, Que DE, Tayo LL, Lin CH. Pollution characteristics and diurnal variations in polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air from vehicle dismantler factories in Southern Taiwan. *Aerosol Air Qual. Res.* 2016;**16**:1931-1941

[135] Chałupniak A, Merkoçi A. Toward integrated detection and graphenebased removal of contaminants in a lab-on-a-chip platform. *Nano Res.* 2017;**10**:2296-2310

[136] Bettazzi F, Martellini T, Shelver WL, Cincinelli A, Lanciotti E, Palchetti I. Development of an

#### *Emerging Contaminants*

electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). *Electroanalysis*. 2016;**28**:1817-1823

[137] Sun Z, Du J, Yan L, Jing C. Rapid detection of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) using a portable Au-colloid SERS sensor. *J. Raman Spectrosc.* 2014;**45**:745-749

**229**

**Chapter 13**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Environment

*Mandeep Singh and Pooja Chadha*

managing the disposal of microplastics.

Sources, Fate, and Impact

of Microplastics in Aquatic

*Sukanya Mehra, Khushboo Sharma, Geetika Sharma,* 

Over the past decade, enhanced scientific interest has produced an expanding knowledge base for microplastics. The highest abundance of microplastics is typically associated with coastlines and oceans but the fate of these microplastics is elusive. Microplastics sink following fragmentation which is further ingested by marine biota thus imposes threat to them. Thus, the present review focuses on properties and sources of microplastics, its impact on environment, the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of microplastics and its impact on living biota. This study would be helpful for the development and implementation of risk management strategies for

**Keywords:** microplastics, sources, accumulation, toxicity, aquatic organisms

Due to the permanence and robustness, plastic has infiltrated every aspect of life like in clothing, electronics, cleaning products as well as in building materials [1]. World production of synthetic organic polymer plastic has skyrocketed from 1950 to 2013, showing an escalation from 1.5 to 299 million tons. Around 8-16 million tons plastic waste invades sea and oceans annually, substantial section of which comes from land borne sources [1, 2]. In the very beginning more attentiveness was towards large plastic debris; however prevalence of smaller plastic particles in the marine environment elucidated in early 1970's [3, 4]. Due to minuscule proportion of microplastics they are ingested by protozoans to marine mammals and by many filter feeders [5]. Amphipods, polychaete worms, barnacles and sea cucumber ingest microplastic which gets accumulated in food web [6]. According to Setälä et al. [7] and Green et al. [8] microplastics are omnipresent in nature and possess high potential to interrelate with environment (biotic and abiotic) thus menacing with biogenic domain of flora and fauna. Presences of microplastics were perceived more in aquatic ecosystems, surface waters, sediments and water column. Deep seas and mountain lakes were also sullied by the presence of microplastics and thus scrutinized as global pollutant [9, 10]. Worldwide pollution provoked by plastic is dispersed maximum across seas and oceans. Longevity and buoyancy are some properties that have led these pollutants fall under the category of hazardous waste [11–13]. In the environment microplastics are present in heterogeneous group,
