**Abstract**

This study was intended in paddy (rice husk and rice), sediment, and irrigation water samples taken from the paddy fields of Ergene River, Meriç River, and Yenikarpuzlu Dam reservoir which are frequently grown in the river basin in Thrace region and endosulfan (EN) and PAHs were investigated. For analysis, EN and PAHs were studied by GC-MS. The data obtained as a result of the analyses were compared with the results of the standard reference items, and the accuracy of the results was determined. The standard addition method was used to prove the accuracy of EN and PAHs. The recovery parameters on the extraction efficiency of EN and PAHs were optimized, and the recoveries ranged from 82 to 105%. The methods showed good linearity for EN and PAHs, and the LOD and LOQ for methods were found 0.03–63.1 and 0.1–210 μg kg−1, respectively.

**Keywords:** Thrace region, paddy, sediment, water, endosulfan, PAHs

### **1. Introduction**

Industrial and agricultural activities along with increasing industrialization are polluted very quickly of water and soil resources. When these sources of pollution are taken into consideration, it is necessary to follow the industrial and agricultural residues. These pollutants, which are used in agriculture and industry, interfere with the natural environment and threaten the ecological environment. Some pollutants can be found in the environment even after years of prohibition, and others can be transported over long distances. Pollutants are spread to the environment as industrial, agricultural and domestic sources [1, 2].

Direct transport of pesticides on the soil surface or on the plant play a role factors such as evaporation, surface flow, soil penetration and adsorption. Evaporation is on the soil, water and plant surface and the most important factor affecting the evaporation of pesticide is its evaporation pressure. In addition, high temperature, low relative humidity and air movement are environmental factors that accelerate evaporation. Pesticides strongly absorbed by soil particles are much less likely to evaporate [3–5].

Endosulfan (EN) is an organochlorine and acaricide group. Acute toxicity is a colorless, solid agricultural chemical prohibited due to its bioaccumulative potential and endocrine disrupting effects [4–6]. EN residues in nature are also known to remain in the soil for at least 6 years [7, 8]. Therefore, it requires examination of the soil contaminated with EN, the product grown in soil, sediment and the water used. Polycyclic systems occur when one ring is sharing two carbons with another ring, or the rings are connected to each other by a C▬C bond [9]. PAHs are from the group of compounds which show unsaturation in molecular formulas and do not give addition reactions which are characteristic for them. In the cyclic structure, PAHs from the class of planar molecules are resistant to oxidation. In addition, PAHs can be found in petrochemical, rubber, plastic, mineral oil, rust oil, paint, leather and other products. Rubber and plastic materials are high-risk materials containing PAH. In the Ergene Basin, where the industry is intense, these compounds are likely to be found. As the molecular weights of PAHs increase, their solubility in water decreases. However, their toxic and carcinogenic properties increase [9–12]. Contaminated soil, air and aquatic products may also contain PAH. The cooking meat or other food on the grill or at high temperatures increases the amount of PAH in food [11]. In this study, analysis of EN and PAHs compounds shown in **Figure 1** was performed.

The organic components (PAHs and EN) we analyzed are considered among the primary pollutants [9, 13–17]. When the pesticides in our ecological environment are taken in high concentration, they can cause deformations on the biological structure of the organism. In the event of prolonged exposure to certain pesticides, cancer can be seen or short-term exposure may result in direct death [13, 15–19].

The extensively used high sensitivity analytical techniques for the determination of EN and PAHs at low concentrations in environmental samples are

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**Figure 2.**

*Representation of the sampling points on the map.*

*Determination of Concentration for Some Priority Substances in Paddy Fields of Ergene River…*

GC-MS [6, 8, 20, 21], HPLC-MS [10, 22]. The separation and preconcentration techniques for pesticides are solid phase extraction (SPE) [21, 23, 24], solid phase micro extraction (SPME) [21, 22, 25] and sonication [22, 26], which are used to

The aim of this study was intended in paddy (rice husk and rice), sediment, and irrigation water samples taken from the paddy fields of Ergene River, Meriç River, and Yenikarpuzlu Dam reservoir which are frequently grown in the river basin in Thrace region and EN and PAHs were investigated. Thrace region is a place where industry and agriculture are intense, so the analysis with real examples will be performed of great importance here. For this reason, EN and PAHs, which developed

Within the scope of this study, the paddy production areas in the agricultural areas of Thrace Region, direct irrigation from Ergene-Meriç rivers and dam ponds, Ergene and Meriç Basin were evaluated and three regions were determined as the study area. The sampling points are shown in **Figure 2**. Endosulfan and PAH analyses were made in paddy plant, sediment and irrigation water samples taken from paddy fields, which irrigated from the Ergene River, the Meriç River, and the Yenikarpuzlu Dam Reservoir, considering the distinction of irrigation resources in the rice plants often grown in river basins in the Thrace region. In the Yenikarpuzlu village of Edirne province, around Sığırcı Dam, and from the irrigated area from Edirne-İpsala-Yenikarpuzlu, Edirne-Merkez-Üyüklütatar and Edirne-Uzunköprü-Muhacirkadı Village were collected the paddy, sediment and paddy irrigation water (**Figure 2**). Endosulfan and

Agilent GC-MS was used in the determination phase for all studies. The instrument used is the HP-5 MS UI capillary column (30 m × 250μm × 0.25 μm) and the 5990C (Agilent) inert MSD mass detector with 7890A (Agilent) model GC-MS. The electron ionization (EI) system with 70 eV ionization energy in GC-MS, and the He

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93383*

solve these problems in analysis of EN and PAHs.

method validation, were studied by GC-MS.

PAH analysis were performed method validation by GC-MS.

**2. Materials and methods**

gas was used as carrier gas.

**Figure 1.**

*Structural formulas of analyzed compounds.*

*Determination of Concentration for Some Priority Substances in Paddy Fields of Ergene River… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93383*

GC-MS [6, 8, 20, 21], HPLC-MS [10, 22]. The separation and preconcentration techniques for pesticides are solid phase extraction (SPE) [21, 23, 24], solid phase micro extraction (SPME) [21, 22, 25] and sonication [22, 26], which are used to solve these problems in analysis of EN and PAHs.

The aim of this study was intended in paddy (rice husk and rice), sediment, and irrigation water samples taken from the paddy fields of Ergene River, Meriç River, and Yenikarpuzlu Dam reservoir which are frequently grown in the river basin in Thrace region and EN and PAHs were investigated. Thrace region is a place where industry and agriculture are intense, so the analysis with real examples will be performed of great importance here. For this reason, EN and PAHs, which developed method validation, were studied by GC-MS.
