**3.10 Medical resources**

*Emerging Contaminants*

**3.5 Synthetic waxes and oil-gas industry**

to microplastics accumulation.

**3.7 Weathering and abrasion**

lacquers and vinyl [36].

**3.8 Packaging material and litter**

**3.9 Domestic items, food stuffs and toys**

**3.6 Plastic pellets manufactures**

waste and around 35% ended up in sewer system. 1.0-5.3 t/y is the estimated amount of microplastics release from paints, out of which 0.1-0.5 t/y is the guesstimate amount of primary microplastics in paints that ends up in aquatic environment.

According to Essel et al. [23] synthetic waxes are scrutinized as primary microplastics. They are used in dyeing, food coating, as lubricants and also in processing of plastics. Synthetic waxes are also used to coat papers they are extensively operative in textile processing by providing smoother surface. Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFR) is used for drilling purpose. Drilling fluids composed of microbeads, used in oil-gas industry [19, 32]. This chemical gets directly discharge into the oceans, contributing

Pellets are the primary form of many plastics around 2.55 mm in diameter. These

pellets are used to generate plastic products. These pellets, spherules contribute to 79.4% of total plastic debris in the water of river Danube [33, 34]. According to Dhodapkar et al. [35], in addition to pellets, plastic dust also gets accumulated during manufacturing process or generated due to relocation and transportation [20]. Pellets contain certain perilous additives like plasticizers and flame retardants that promote the eco toxicity. These additives mixed prior to the production or added during conversion. These pellets are often termed as nibs and nurdles [19].

Metropolitan environment often encounters with city dust. Synthetic cooking utensils abrasion, footwear soles abrasion, infrastructure abrasion, blasting abrasives all culminates into city dust. Independently importance of these factors is insignificant but together they are accountable for sizeable losses in the country [20, 31]. For the advancements of roads, road markings are administered. Thermoplastic, paint, polymer tapes are preferred in this process. Weathering by vehicles induces microplastics loss, which is washed off by rain or wind and ultimately outstretched to oceans [20]. Coatings of boats are done by various anticorrosive paints, mostly polyurethane,

Higher preference is given to packaging materials as a source of microplastics. It contributes to about 62% of all plastic collected. It usually involves secondary microplastics. Plastic bags, soft drink bottles all culminates into it [1]. Packaging materials constitutes major portion of litter. Toys, cutlery, shoes, clothing are other forms of litter [15]. Litter from agricultural plastics is non-biodegradable, although biodegradable plastics are also prevalent nowadays. Addition of preservatives in such plastics make them less biodegradable, and these plastics get perished into smaller fragments, eventually via nearby streams microplastics enters surface water [1].

According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2014 [15], domestic items are considered as the mighty source of pollution in the sea. Items like cups, plastic cutlery, bottles and straws are present in abundance in oceans.

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In medical sector, microplastics are profoundly used [23]. Microplastics treat the reverse flow of gastric juices. Aluminum coated compounds tend to possess deleterious effect on human health. They are replaced by microplastics. Nappies, sanitary towels, plasters constitute litter. Capsules used in the edicine field contain plastic. Spectacles, contact lenses are one of the define sources of microplastics [1].
