**7. Tentative water quality parameters for wet processing in textiles**

pH → in the scale 6.5–7.5. TDS → 250–300 ppm. Color → Hazen No. 4.5–5.5. Residue on ignition → 245–250 ppm. Total Hardness → 25–30 ppm. COD → to be considered as nil. Turbidity → to be considered as nil.

*Toxic Effluent Treatment by Membrane Based Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92812*

Suspended Solids → to be considered as nil. Copper (Cu) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Iron (Fe) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Chromium (Cr) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Manganese (Mn) → to be considered as 0.05 ppm. Aluminum (Al) → to be considered as 0.2 ppm. Chloride (HCl) → to be considered as 125–150 ppm. Sulphate (H2SO4) → to be considered as 125–150 ppm. Nitrite → to be considered as nil.

## **8. Membrane based filtration in wet processing**

The membrane based filtration is increasingly being used in the manufacturing processes of various process industries. Filtration by membranes based technology is considered as a profitable one than other types of traditional methods now a days. Their capacity to separate impurities and specific natural essences at low or ambient temperatures makes more usable. The selection of membrane is an important constituent for better functioning and optimum result of the process. There are many types of membrane that adapt to different use according to the level of filtration required. Ceramic membranes, spiral membranes, tubular membranes, stainless steel membranes, hollow fiber membranes and plate and frame membranes are the most common ones. Generally, filtration by membranes is a pressure technology that is utilized to separate various contaminated liquids. Its different types are ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.

Reverse osmosis is the processes of treatment of residual liquids particularly appropriate to dehydration, concentration/separation of substances. It is very helpful for the concentration of dissolved or suspended solids on the one hand and for obtaining a rejected liquid that comprise of a very low concentration of dissolved solids on the other hand.

Ultrafiltration is a process of exclusive division that is normally used to separate milk, whey and proteins. It paradigm suspended solids and solutes with a molecular weight of greater than 1000. The rejected liquid contains organic solutes having low molecular weight and salt.

Application of nanofiltration is normally work for demineralization, desalinization and also for color removal.

Microfiltration is a low pressure based flow through a membrane for the separation of colloids and suspended particles in the range of 0.05–10 microns. For the clarification of stock, fermentations and the clarification and recuperation of biomass, membrane based microfiltration is used.

### **9. Applications in industrial activities**

Membrane based filtration is applied to various number of chemical processes industries. Filtration by membrane is very useful for food industries, specially in the dairy and sugar, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and chemical industries.

The utilization of various filtrations by membrane techniques in the food industries sets an infinite number of areas. The most popular include the concentration of egg whites, the elucidation and pre-concentration of various fruit juices, the concentration and natural process of the ashes of porcine, bovine or bone gelatin, the clarification of meat brine for the re-motion of bacteria and reprocess of the

*Electrodialysis*

**5.3 Color**

**5.6 Acidity**

**5.7 Alkalinity**

having pH is below 4.5.

alkalinity above pH 4.5.

pH → in the scale 6.5–7.5. TDS → 250–300 ppm. Color → Hazen No. 4.5–5.5.

Residue on ignition → 245–250 ppm. Total Hardness → 25–30 ppm. COD → to be considered as nil. Turbidity → to be considered as nil.

impression of 2 ppm cobalt chloride.

**5.4 Total dissolved solids (TDS)**

**5.5 Total suspended solids (TSS)**

Color normally shows the presence of suspended and soluble matter, which affects the wet processing. The Hazen unit is the measurement of color of water and is comparing it with a color of a standard water solution. A colored Hazen unit is produced by liquefaction 1 ppm platinum in the form of chloroplatinic acid, in the

TDS contain of small amounts of organic matter and inorganic salts that are

The suspended solids are distinct particles which are not soluble in water. These

Major natural waters are buffered by a HCO3/CO2 system. Carbon acid is not amply neutralized until a pH of 8.2 and will not depress pH below 4.5. CO2 acidity is in the pH range of 8.2–4.5. The reason of mineral acidity caused in industrial waste

The alkalinity is due to the existence of bicarbonates (HCO3), carbonates or hydroxides. Alkalinity is separated into caustic alkalinity (above pH 8.2) and total

Shade change caused due to formation of hard soaps with calcium and magnesium ions. Carbonates of calcium and magnesium precipitates iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) black and essential cotton dyestuffs. Hard water creates dyes duller and even form scum. The metals Fe and Cu ion are known impurities, is a problem in the peroxide bleaching, Fe (iron) is responsible for reducing the brightness level of many dyes and is also objectionable in the washing off activities in wet processing. Hard water is accountable for scaling in the boilers. When temporary hardness is

change state in water. The TDS is calculated in ppm (Mg/L).

can be separated by filtration and are also calibrated in ppm.

**6. Disadvantages of hard water in textile wet processing**

high, the soft scales are formed in the boilers causing corrosion.

**7. Tentative water quality parameters for wet processing in textiles**

**84**

brine, the spatial arrangement of vegetable and plants such as canola, soy and oats and the separation of alcohol from wine and beer.

Dairy industry: In the manufacture of dairy ingredients, filtration by membrane is a valuable part of the production process. Its work can be divided into three major categories such as applications to milk, clarified cheese brine and whey.

Starch and sweetener industry: the main gain is the increase in the quality of the products, including the manufacturing and quality of corn syrups such as dextrose and fructose, the separation and property of rinse water from starch, the enhancement sub-product of dextrose, the depyrogenation of dextrose syrup and the division/application of maceration water.

Sugar industry: filtration by membrane can be used to purify unprocessed juice without using primary clarifiers, thus obviate many ambient problems and rising the quality and the execution of other traditional methods. The membranes can also purify, separate and concentrate various sugar solutions in the production activities and processes.

Chemical industry: many chemical processes use filtration by membrane. It works to desalinate, diafilter and purify dyes, pigments and optical brighteners. Filtration is also use to clean the waste water and rinse water currents. During the concentration and dehydration of minerals such as kaolin clay, titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, during the clarification of caustic agents, the production of polymers or the recuperation of metals membrane based filtration process is used.

Pharmaceutical industry: the gathering of cells or the recovery of biomass is an essential part in the manufacturing process of fermentation, especially when manufacturing products such as antibiotics. Filtration process improves production as well as loss of the operator's workload and the maintenance reimbursement/cost. The membranes' filtration are also a standard part of the industrial manufacturing lines for enzymes, when concentrating enzymes prior to other processes.

Textile industry: many textile production processes exercise filtration by membrane to diafilter and purify dyes, desalinate, pigments and optical brighteners. It also uses to clean the waste water and rinse water currents, again for the concentration and dehydration of minerals such as titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, the clarification of caustic agents, the manufacturing of polymers or the recovery of toxic metals such as Pb, Cr, Cu, etc.
