Preface

The electrodialysis process, from energy to the environment, offers very important opportunities. Separation of ion content in water, recovery, electrolysis of water, and many other possibilities will be possible with electrodialysis. Electrodialysis is of great importance not only in the efficient use of resources in our world, but also in space studies. In this book on electrodialysis, in 7 chapters, the possibilities offered by the electrodialysis process are discussed in detail and presented to the service of the scientific community. In the first chapter, Toujani et al. discussed the organic rankine cycle (ORC) application on desalination systems. In the second chapter, Cevher-Keskin describe how the functional organization of eukaryotic cells requires the exchange of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides between membrane compartments through transport intermediates. The vacuolar and endocytic trafficking are presented to enhance our understanding of plant development and immunity in plants. In the third chapter, the breakdown of endocrine disrupting drugs (trimethoprim and a mixture of clavulanic acid-amoxicilli) in aqueous media using electrolysis by Perez et al is discussed. The fourth chapter proposes an alternative system for conventional reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) desalination plants by incorporating the use of gravitational potential energy (GPE). The proposed system in this chapter is devised with two subsystems, the RO module followed by the ED module, both simultaneously powered by GPE. The fifth chapter proposes a zero discharge approach for the sustainable protection of groundwater by membrane-based treatment processes by Gupta. In the sixth chapter, Deseure and Aicart provide the details of hydrogen production by Solid Oxide Steam Electrolyser (SOEC) coupled with renewable energy sources. Finally, in the seventh chapter, Yonar briefly discusses the potential of the Electrodialysis Bipolar Membrane Process potential on membrane concentrate management.

> **Taner Yonar** Environmental Engineering Department, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

desalination of seawater

**1. Introduction**

**1**

Performance Analysis of a New

and Vapor Compression

and Water Desalination

Combined Organic Rankine Cycle

Cogeneration and Tri-Generation

*Noureddine Toujani, Nahla Bouaziz and Lakder Kairouani*

The new ORC-VCC combined system is analyzed. It is a new system that can be operated in four modes depending on the type of energy. The novelty of the system appears essentially in the development of new ORC-VCC combination architecture, the lowering of the condensation temperature, the possibility of cold production by the ORC cycle affected by the pumping phase, preheating of fluid cycle using the VCC cycle fluid, and new configurations based on the integration of heat recovery systems to improve overall system performance. In addition, each installation mode has several configurations depending on the recovery points that will be integrated later, besides its adaptation to any energy source, where we can use biomass, solar, and heat rejects of industry at low temperatures (60–130°C). This system can produce under and above zero temperature. Although, due to its architecture, it is also characterized by many combination of selection fluid for the ORC and VCC cycles, it is not necessary to have the same working fluid as in the classic systems. In this study, three configurations are examined and studied in terms of energy efficiency mainly the performance of each configuration including net power, refrig-

eration capacity and overall efficiency, the thermal efficiency for ORC.

**Keywords:** organic Rankine cycle, tri-generation, vapor compression cycle,

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power will be the fastest-growing source of energy in the future. The growth rate of solar energy can reach more than 12% [1]. Many countries today are making decisions to put political strategies in the use of renewable resources. For that, many studies were done all over the world, Asia [2, 3], Africa [4, 5], and America [6], whose objectives are to determine the energy potential and to choose the political strategies to improve the solar energy potential. In Europe [1], the Commission communication to the European Parliament and the Council for new European energy policies set out in
