**4. Recovery of concentrated wastes by EDBM process**

An important advantage of the electrodialysis process over other processes is the possibility of recovery of concentrated waste. When the electrodialysis studies in the literature are taken into consideration, recovery has been proved possible. Electrodialysis studies are mainly in the form of recovery of those pollutants from aqueous solutions with single or multiple pollutants.

The process characteristics and economic evaluations of some studies in the literature are given in **Table 2**.


**123**

*A New Approach for Membrane Process Concentrate Management: Electrodialysis Bipolar…*

Asit

Pilot Scale 3 compartments,

A / m2 Efficiency 98,5%

A / m2 Acid Conc. 1 M

A / m2

Lab. Scale 3 compartments,

Lab. Scale Bipolar Membrane

**characteristics**

3 compartments, M. Area; 540 m2

BM Service Life; 2 years,

2 compartments, M. Area; 280 m2

Efficiency 60–96%

BM. Area; 0,14m2

Acid Conc. 0,8 M Current Density 500

2 Compartments Current Density 1000

BM. Area; 0,004 m2

Acid Conc. 30 M Current Density 1000

3 Compartments 30 V - 750 A / m2 Acid Conc. 4.5 g / L

5 Compartments BM. Area; 0,008 m2

M. Area; 540 m2

Acid Conc. 7 M

3 compartments

electrodialysis

Product 0.5 M Acetate

Efficiency 4–6 M Org.

,

,

,

,

,

Lab. Scale 2 Compartments 1,2kWh / kg Acid [19]

,

**Economic evaluations**

UN Cost 0,12 \$ / kg 1kWh / kg Acid

300 kWh/ton Acid

1,4–2,3kWh/kg

15–20 kWh / kg product

1.3–2.0 kWh / kg product

3.3kWh / kg Acid 2.4kWh / kg Acid

1.7kWh / kg Mg + 2 0.6kWh / kg protein

2–5 kWh/kg Acid Wakamatsu

2.6kWh / kg Acid Ferrer and

Acid

**References**

Gavach [15]

Pourcelly and Gavach [15], Aritomi [17]

Pourcelly and Gavach [15]

Pourcelly and Gavach [15], ve Novalic and Kulbe [18], Yu et al. [19]

[20], Xu [21], ve Novalic and Kulbe [18]

Alvarez et al. [22]

Yu et al. [19], Trivedi et al. [23]

Laborie [24]

Cifuentes [25]

Pourcelly and Bazinet [26]

— Pourcelly and

In addition to treatment and recovery, it is frequently encountered that electro-

Main advantage of EDBM systems is energy efficiency. In most cases high energy needed for most treatment processes mainly for pumping. But in EDBM process, system works with low pressure pumps (0.5–0.8 Bar). On the other hand direct

dialysis method is used directly in acid and base production.

**5. Advantages and disadvantages of EDBM process**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93985*

Amino Acid Recovery Industrial

Lactic Acid Production Industrial

Ascorbic acid Production Lab. Scale -

Salicylic Acid Production Lab. - Pilot

Sodium Acetate conversions

Formic Acid regeneration

recovery

**Table 2.**

Toluenesulphonic Acid regeneration

Magnesium and Protein

Camphorsulfonic Acid Regeneration

**Application Scale Process** 

Scale

Scale

Semi End. Pilot Scale

Citric Acid Production Pilot Scale 2 compartments,

Scale

Pilot Scale

Sulfuric Acid recovery Lab. Scale 6 compartments

*Recovery of concentrated wastes by EDBM process [14].*


*A New Approach for Membrane Process Concentrate Management: Electrodialysis Bipolar… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93985*

#### **Table 2.**

*Electrodialysis*

waste and the production of organic - inorganic acids increased the interest in this method. Many researchers have worked on this subject. It is possible to find many studies especially on acetic acid, propionic acid, gluconic acid, citric acid and lactic acid. In fact, some model studies have started to be carried out recently. Biotechnological research is ongoing to reduce costs in the electrodialysis process in

When ED and EDBM processes are compared with other treatment methods, it is an important advantage that it provides recovery from pollutants in wastewater and salt water. Studies show that it is possible to recover pollutants from solutions with one or more contaminants. In addition to this, the process of making acid and base production possible with EDBM process takes another step forward [13].

An important advantage of the electrodialysis process over other processes is the possibility of recovery of concentrated waste. When the electrodialysis studies in the literature are taken into consideration, recovery has been proved possible. Electrodialysis studies are mainly in the form of recovery of those pollutants from

The process characteristics and economic evaluations of some studies in the

**characteristics**

M. Area: 0.5 m2 Feed Speed 5 L / h Initial conc. 22 g / L Current Density 900

A/ m2

A / m2 Efficiency 97%

A / m2

g / L Efficiency 95%

3 compartments, M. Area; 3x105

Service Life; 2 years, Efficiency 90–95%

Efficiency 82% (1 M)

M. Area: 120 m2 Initial conc. 250 g / L Current Density 1000

M. Area: 0,3 m2 Initial conc 110 g / L Current Density 800

Efficiency 30–70%

M. Area; 0,19 m2

2.2 V – 415 A/m2 Efficiency 95%

3 compartments, M. Area; 64 m2

2.26 V – 800 A/m2 Initial conc 80–250

,

,

 m2 , BM **Economic evaluations**

5.0kWh/kg NaOH

\$ 2.5–5.0 / kg amine

Total Expense: \$ 700,000 Oper. Goods. \$ 354 / ton MTA Sales fee: \$ 5500 / ton MTA

Total \$ 2,950,000 Annual Business Administration Cost: \$ 870,000

**References**

Pourcelly and Gavach [15]

Gavach [15], Graillon and Persin [16]

Pourcelly and Gavach [15], Graillon and Persin [16]

Gavach [15]

Pourcelly and Gavach [15]

[15]

0.34 \$/kg NaNO3 Pourcelly and

— Pourcelly and

order to reduce the cost in order to ensure acid recovery.

**4. Recovery of concentrated wastes by EDBM process**

aqueous solutions with single or multiple pollutants.

Scale

Industrial Pilot Scale

Semi Industrial Pilot Scale

Semi Industrial Pilot Scale

Gluconic Acid Recovery Lab. scale 2 compartments,

Industrial Scale

**Application Scale Process** 

literature are given in **Table 2**.

HF and HNO3 Recovery Industrial

NaOH Recovery Semi

NH3 and HNO3 Recovery GmbH, Germany

Dimethylisopropylamine

Methanesulfonic Acid

recovery

Recovery

**122**

*Recovery of concentrated wastes by EDBM process [14].*

In addition to treatment and recovery, it is frequently encountered that electrodialysis method is used directly in acid and base production.
