**11. Results and discussion**

*Electrodialysis*

and processes.

**10. Method**

brine, the spatial arrangement of vegetable and plants such as canola, soy and oats

categories such as applications to milk, clarified cheese brine and whey.

Dairy industry: In the manufacture of dairy ingredients, filtration by membrane is a valuable part of the production process. Its work can be divided into three major

Starch and sweetener industry: the main gain is the increase in the quality of the products, including the manufacturing and quality of corn syrups such as dextrose and fructose, the separation and property of rinse water from starch, the enhancement sub-product of dextrose, the depyrogenation of dextrose syrup and the

Sugar industry: filtration by membrane can be used to purify unprocessed juice without using primary clarifiers, thus obviate many ambient problems and rising the quality and the execution of other traditional methods. The membranes can also purify, separate and concentrate various sugar solutions in the production activities

Chemical industry: many chemical processes use filtration by membrane. It works to desalinate, diafilter and purify dyes, pigments and optical brighteners. Filtration is also use to clean the waste water and rinse water currents. During the concentration and dehydration of minerals such as kaolin clay, titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, during the clarification of caustic agents, the production of polymers or the recuperation of metals membrane based filtration process is used. Pharmaceutical industry: the gathering of cells or the recovery of biomass is an essential part in the manufacturing process of fermentation, especially when manufacturing products such as antibiotics. Filtration process improves production as well as loss of the operator's workload and the maintenance reimbursement/cost. The membranes' filtration are also a standard part of the industrial manufacturing

lines for enzymes, when concentrating enzymes prior to other processes.

Textile industry: many textile production processes exercise filtration by membrane to diafilter and purify dyes, desalinate, pigments and optical brighteners. It also uses to clean the waste water and rinse water currents, again for the concentration and dehydration of minerals such as titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, the clarification of caustic agents, the manufacturing of polymers or the recovery of

Samples were collected from different units in the study area at regular intervals during 2012–2013. Samples brought to the laboratory where they were analyzed using the standard method defined and suggested by American Public health Association (APHA, 1998). Temperature and pH were calculated by a mercury thermometer having scale from 0–100°C and with digital movable pH meter respectively at site. Total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity and turbidity were ascertained by Water Quality Analyzer PE- 371 (Systronic). Alkalinity of samples was calibrated by titrametric method. For analysis of COD, samples were stabilized by acidifying with H2SO4 below 2 and it was evaluated by dichromate titration method (APHA, 1998). The concentration of nitrate in the samples was ascertained by UV spectro photometric screening method with Zuconyl indicator. Sodium, potassium and calcium were calculated by Flame-photometric method. Heavy metal samples were analyzed after filtration by Whatman filter–paper no. 40 and then acidified samples were digested with concentrated HNO3 (0.1%) acid. The metal ions were determined by atomic absorp-

and the separation of alcohol from wine and beer.

division/application of maceration water.

toxic metals such as Pb, Cr, Cu, etc.

tion spectrophotometer (OMA 300 process analyzer).

**86**

The value of pH indicates the effluent before treatment is alkaline, substantial chemicals and dyes in solid form available in TDS, and trace metal concentration indicates that the raw effluent is hazardous for ecological systems in the region and required immediate treatment. The physicochemical parameters of wastewater generated from the bleaching and dyeing units after primary treatment found under limits as pH (7.7), BOD (20 mg/L), COD (120 mg/L), TDS (2234 mg/L), TSS (22 mg/L) by WHO (2003) and FAO (1985) [28–31] and trace

**Figure 3.**

*CEPT PROSS flow chart: 500 MLD capacity.*


*All values are expressed in mg/L except pH; values in parenthesis are standard deviation; ND: not detectable. a Tertiary treated effluent from feed tank of ATP, Source: Nandy et al. [32].*

#### **Table 1.**

*Efficacy assessment of advance treatment processes (ATP) after primary treatment.*

metals Pb (0.33 mg/L), Cr (0.021 mg/L), Zn (0.54 mg/L), Ni (0.00 mg/L) and Cd (0.02 mg/L) will be cleaned after membrane based advance treatment processes (ATP) (**Figure 3** and **Table 1**).

The Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Maheshtala cluster with advanced method of treatment containing of primary, secondary treatment, ultra-filtration and membrane based reverse osmosis, comparatively energyefficient membrane based crystallization and distillation units and evaporation would yield premier quality water maintaining the qualifying standards of Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India for industrial areas/ clusters [33].

#### **12. Conclusion**

The CETP plants can thus save surface and ground water from depletion and degradation. Transfer of contaminants to agri-horticulture produces through the food chain would be curtailed and thus human health risk would be minimized. The entire treatment and reusing of treated water will help to preserve 2000 MLD groundwater in the cluster area to save water and save life as the entire world is moving towards water paucity due to climate change.

**89**

**Author details**

Biman Gati Gupta

*Toxic Effluent Treatment by Membrane Based Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis…*

The author thank to the students and teachers specially Sri Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Associate Professor, Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India for his guidance, cooperation and utilizing infrastructure and laboratories for the

The author did not receive any kind of funding from Government or any other

The author does not have any types of financial and non-financial conflict of

APHA American Public Health Association (1998). Standard methods for

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board (2007). Advance method of treat-

WHO World Health Organization, (2003), Standard for quality of water

SWID State water Investigation Department, Government of West Bengal

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, (1985). FAO guidelines of

the examination of water and wastewater, WEF and AWWA, 20 th

water quality for agriculture, Ministry of environment and forest,

Civil Engineering Department, Elitte College of Engineering (B. Tech), India

\*Address all correspondence to: bimangupta@yahoo.in; civil.ece@petindia.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92812*

**Acknowledgements**

non-government agencies.

interest with any other person.

edition, USA

New Delhi

provided the original work is properly cited.

ment of textile effluent

for irrigation purpose

**Conflict of interest**

**Abbreviation**

study.

*Toxic Effluent Treatment by Membrane Based Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92812*
