**6. Disadvantages of hard water in textile wet processing**

Shade change caused due to formation of hard soaps with calcium and magnesium ions. Carbonates of calcium and magnesium precipitates iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) black and essential cotton dyestuffs. Hard water creates dyes duller and even form scum. The metals Fe and Cu ion are known impurities, is a problem in the peroxide bleaching, Fe (iron) is responsible for reducing the brightness level of many dyes and is also objectionable in the washing off activities in wet processing.

Hard water is accountable for scaling in the boilers. When temporary hardness is high, the soft scales are formed in the boilers causing corrosion.

**85**

osmosis.

solids on the other hand.

molecular weight and salt.

tion and also for color removal.

biomass, membrane based microfiltration is used.

**9. Applications in industrial activities**

*Toxic Effluent Treatment by Membrane Based Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis…*

The membrane based filtration is increasingly being used in the manufacturing processes of various process industries. Filtration by membranes based technology is considered as a profitable one than other types of traditional methods now a days. Their capacity to separate impurities and specific natural essences at low or ambient temperatures makes more usable. The selection of membrane is an important constituent for better functioning and optimum result of the process. There are many types of membrane that adapt to different use according to the level of filtration required. Ceramic membranes, spiral membranes, tubular membranes, stainless steel membranes, hollow fiber membranes and plate and frame membranes are the most common ones. Generally, filtration by membranes is a pressure technology that is utilized to separate various contaminated liquids. Its different types are ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration and reverse

Reverse osmosis is the processes of treatment of residual liquids particularly appropriate to dehydration, concentration/separation of substances. It is very helpful for the concentration of dissolved or suspended solids on the one hand and for obtaining a rejected liquid that comprise of a very low concentration of dissolved

Ultrafiltration is a process of exclusive division that is normally used to separate milk, whey and proteins. It paradigm suspended solids and solutes with a molecular weight of greater than 1000. The rejected liquid contains organic solutes having low

Application of nanofiltration is normally work for demineralization, desaliniza-

Microfiltration is a low pressure based flow through a membrane for the separation of colloids and suspended particles in the range of 0.05–10 microns. For the clarification of stock, fermentations and the clarification and recuperation of

Membrane based filtration is applied to various number of chemical processes industries. Filtration by membrane is very useful for food industries, specially in the dairy and sugar, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and chemical industries. The utilization of various filtrations by membrane techniques in the food industries sets an infinite number of areas. The most popular include the concentration of egg whites, the elucidation and pre-concentration of various fruit juices, the concentration and natural process of the ashes of porcine, bovine or bone gelatin, the clarification of meat brine for the re-motion of bacteria and reprocess of the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92812*

Nitrite → to be considered as nil.

Suspended Solids → to be considered as nil. Copper (Cu) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Iron (Fe) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Chromium (Cr) → to be considered as 0.01 ppm. Manganese (Mn) → to be considered as 0.05 ppm. Aluminum (Al) → to be considered as 0.2 ppm. Chloride (HCl) → to be considered as 125–150 ppm. Sulphate (H2SO4) → to be considered as 125–150 ppm.

**8. Membrane based filtration in wet processing**
